vspВопросы современной педиатрииCurrent Pediatrics1682-55271682-5535Издательство «ПедиатрЪ»vsp-1171Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫLITERATURE REVIEWПНЕВМОКОККОВАЯ ИНФЕКЦИЯ У ДЕТЕЙ: ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ПРОФИЛАКТИКИPNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION IN CHILDREN: OPPORTUNITIES OF PROPHYLAXISХаритС.М.KharitS.M.Научно-исследовательский институт детских инфекций, Санкт-ПетербургРоссияScientific Institute of Children’s Infections, Saint-PetersburgRussian Federation20092309201585Вопросы современной педиатрии6269Copyright © Харит С., 20092009Харит С.Kharit S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vsp.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1171ReferencesCDC. Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 1997; 46 (8): 1–24.CDC. Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 1997; 46 (8): 1–24.CDC. Preventing Pnuemcoccal Disease Among Infants and Jung Children MMWR. 2000; 49 (9): 1–24CDC. Preventing Pnuemcoccal Disease Among Infants and Jung Children MMWR. 2000; 49 (9): 1–24Harrison L.H., Dwyer D.M., Billmann L., Kolczak M., Schuchat A. Invasive pneumococcal infection in Baltimore. Arch. Intern. Med. 2000; 160: 89–94.Harrison L.H., Dwyer D.M., Billmann L., Kolczak M., Schuchat A. Invasive pneumococcal infection in Baltimore. Arch. Intern. Med. 2000; 160: 89–94.Henneberger P.K., Galaid E.I., Marr J.S. Descriptive epidemiology of pneumococcal meningitis in New York City. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1983; 117: 484–491.Henneberger P.K., Galaid E.I., Marr J.S. Descriptive epidemiology of pneumococcal meningitis in New York City. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1983; 117: 484–491.Rudan I, Boschi-Pinto C, Biloglav Z, Mulholland K, Campbell H. Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia. Bull. World Health Organ. 2008; 86: 408–416.Rudan I, Boschi-Pinto C, Biloglav Z, Mulholland K, Campbell H. Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia. Bull. World Health Organ. 2008; 86: 408–416.Alter SJ. Pneumococcal infections. Pediatr Rev 2009; 30 (5): 155-164, quiz 64.Alter SJ. Pneumococcal infections. Pediatr Rev 2009; 30 (5): 155-164, quiz 64.Baggett Henry В. C., Peruski Leonard. В. F., Olsen Sonja В. J. et al. Incidence of Pneumococcal Bacteremia Requiring Hospitalization in Rural Thailand. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2009; 48 (2): 65–74.Baggett Henry В. C., Peruski Leonard. В. F., Olsen Sonja В. J. et al. Incidence of Pneumococcal Bacteremia Requiring Hospitalization in Rural Thailand. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2009; 48 (2): 65–74.WHO Global Immunization Vision and Strategy, April 2005WHO Global Immunization Vision and Strategy, April 2005www.who.int/vaccines/GIVS/english/Global_imm._data_EN.pdfwww.who.int/vaccines/GIVS/english/Global_imm._data_EN.pdfVenetz I., Schopfer K., Muhlemann K. Paediatric, invasive pneumococcal disease in Switzerland, 1985-1994. Swiss Pneumococcal Study Group. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1998; 27 (6): 1101–1104.Venetz I., Schopfer K., Muhlemann K. Paediatric, invasive pneumococcal disease in Switzerland, 1985-1994. Swiss Pneumococcal Study Group. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1998; 27 (6): 1101–1104.Vergison A., Tuerlinckx D., Verhaegen J., Malfroot A. Epidemiologic features of invasive pneumococcal disease in Belgian children: passive surveillance is not enough. Pediatrics. 2006; 118 (3): 801–809.Vergison A., Tuerlinckx D., Verhaegen J., Malfroot A. Epidemiologic features of invasive pneumococcal disease in Belgian children: passive surveillance is not enough. Pediatrics. 2006; 118 (3): 801–809.Dahl M.S., Trollfors B., Claesson B.A., Brandberg L.L., Rosengren A. Invasive pneumococcal infections in Southwestern Sweden: a second follow up period of 15 years. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 2001; 33 (9): 667–672.Dahl M.S., Trollfors B., Claesson B.A., Brandberg L.L., Rosengren A. Invasive pneumococcal infections in Southwestern Sweden: a second follow up period of 15 years. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 2001; 33 (9): 667–672.Eskola J, Takala AK, Kela E, Pekkanen E, Kalliokoski R, Leinonen M. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal infections in children in Finland. JAMA. 1992; 268 (23): 3323–3327.Eskola J, Takala AK, Kela E, Pekkanen E, Kalliokoski R, Leinonen M. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal infections in children in Finland. JAMA. 1992; 268 (23): 3323–3327.Намазова Л.С., Галицкая М.Г. Распространенность пневмококковой инфекции в странах западной Европы. Международный опыт использования 7-валентной пневмококковой конъюгированной вакцины. Педиатрическая фармакология. 2008; 5 (2): 51–53.Намазова Л.С., Галицкая М.Г. Распространенность пневмококковой инфекции в странах западной Европы. Международный опыт использования 7-валентной пневмококковой конъюгированной вакцины. Педиатрическая фармакология. 2008; 5 (2): 51–53.Cortese M.M., Wolff M., Almeido-Hill J., Reid R., Ketcham J., Santosham M. High incidence rates of invasive pneumococcal disease in the White Mountain Apache population. Arch. Intern. Med. 1992; 152: 2277–2282.Cortese M.M., Wolff M., Almeido-Hill J., Reid R., Ketcham J., Santosham M. High incidence rates of invasive pneumococcal disease in the White Mountain Apache population. Arch. Intern. Med. 1992; 152: 2277–2282.Davidson M., Parkinson A.J., Bulkow L.R., Fitzgerald M.A., Peters H.V., Parks D.J. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in Alaska, 1986–1990 ethnic differences and opportunities for prevention. J. Infect. Dis. 1994; 170: 368–376.Davidson M., Parkinson A.J., Bulkow L.R., Fitzgerald M.A., Peters H.V., Parks D.J. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in Alaska, 1986–1990 ethnic differences and opportunities for prevention. J. Infect. Dis. 1994; 170: 368–376.Gessner B.D., Ussery X.T., Parkinson A.J., Breiman R.F. Risk factors for invasive disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae among Alaska native children younger than two years of age. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1995; 14: 123–128.Gessner B.D., Ussery X.T., Parkinson A.J., Breiman R.F. Risk factors for invasive disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae among Alaska native children younger than two years of age. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1995; 14: 123–128.Chen F.M., Breiman R.F., Farley M., Plikaytis B., Deaver K.A., Cetron M.S. Geocoding and linking data from population based surveillance and the US census to evaluate the impact of median household income on the epidemiology of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1998; 148: 1212–1218.Chen F.M., Breiman R.F., Farley M., Plikaytis B., Deaver K.A., Cetron M.S. Geocoding and linking data from population based surveillance and the US census to evaluate the impact of median household income on the epidemiology of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1998; 148: 1212–1218.Иммунизация полисахаридной поливалентной вакциной для профилактики пневмококковой инфекции, МР, ГСЭН РФ. М. 2008. 17 с.Иммунизация полисахаридной поливалентной вакциной для профилактики пневмококковой инфекции, МР, ГСЭН РФ. М. 2008. 17 с.Чучалин А.Г.. Внебольничная пневмония у взрослых: практические рекомендации по диагностике, лечению и профилактике. КМАХ. 2006; 8 (1).Чучалин А.Г.. Внебольничная пневмония у взрослых: практические рекомендации по диагностике, лечению и профилактике. КМАХ. 2006; 8 (1).Геппе Н.А., Малахов А.Б. Пневмококковая инфекция респираторной системы в детском возрасте. Практическое руководство для врачей. М. 2005. 84с.Геппе Н.А., Малахов А.Б. Пневмококковая инфекция респираторной системы в детском возрасте. Практическое руководство для врачей. М. 2005. 84с.Таточенко В.К. Пневмококковая инфекция: современный взгляд на проблему и профилактику. Вопросы современной педиатрии.2007; 5 (1): 107–112.Таточенко В.К. Пневмококковая инфекция: современный взгляд на проблему и профилактику. Вопросы современной педиатрии.2007; 5 (1): 107–112.Учайкин В.Ф., Шамшева О.В. Пневмококковая инфекция. Руководство по клинической вакцинологии. М. 2006.Учайкин В.Ф., Шамшева О.В. Пневмококковая инфекция. Руководство по клинической вакцинологии. М. 2006.Козлов Р.С. Пневмококковая инфекция: современные подходы к профилактике и терапии. Лекции для практикующих врачей «Здоровье человека». М. 2006. С. 219–234.Козлов Р.С. Пневмококковая инфекция: современные подходы к профилактике и терапии. Лекции для практикующих врачей «Здоровье человека». М. 2006. С. 219–234.Огарков П.И., Жоголев С.Д. Этиологическая характеристика внебольничных пневмоний и их специфическая иммунопрофилактика. Вакцинация. 2003; 5 (29): 1–3.Огарков П.И., Жоголев С.Д. Этиологическая характеристика внебольничных пневмоний и их специфическая иммунопрофилактика. Вакцинация. 2003; 5 (29): 1–3.Douglas RM, Hansman D, Miles HB, Paton JC. Pneumococcal carriage and type specific antibody. Am. J. of Diseases of Children. 1986; 140: 1183–1185.Douglas RM, Hansman D, Miles HB, Paton JC. Pneumococcal carriage and type specific antibody. Am. J. of Diseases of Children. 1986; 140: 1183–1185.Nafstad P., Hagen J.A., Oie L., Magnus P., Jaakkola J.J.K. Day care centers and respiratory health. Pediatrics. 1999; 103: 753–758.Nafstad P., Hagen J.A., Oie L., Magnus P., Jaakkola J.J.K. Day care centers and respiratory health. Pediatrics. 1999; 103: 753–758.Nunes S., Sa-Leao R., Carrico J. et al. Trends in drug resistance, serotypes, and molecular types of Streptococcus pneumoniae colonizing preschool-age children attending day care centers in Lisbon, Portugal: a summary of 4 years of annual surveillance. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2005; 43 (3): 1285–1293.Nunes S., Sa-Leao R., Carrico J. et al. Trends in drug resistance, serotypes, and molecular types of Streptococcus pneumoniae colonizing preschool-age children attending day care centers in Lisbon, Portugal: a summary of 4 years of annual surveillance. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2005; 43 (3): 1285–1293.Regev-Yochay G., Raz M., Dagan R., Porat N., Shainberg B., Pinco E., Keller N., Rubinstein E. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae by adults and children in community and family settings. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004; 38 (5): 632–639.Regev-Yochay G., Raz M., Dagan R., Porat N., Shainberg B., Pinco E., Keller N., Rubinstein E. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae by adults and children in community and family settings. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004; 38 (5): 632–639.Vorobieva V., Furberg A.S., Bazhukova T. et al. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in the Arkhangelsk region, Russia: prevalence, population structure and antibiotic resistance. 18th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Barcelona. Spain. 2008. P. 1711.Vorobieva V., Furberg A.S., Bazhukova T. et al. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in the Arkhangelsk region, Russia: prevalence, population structure and antibiotic resistance. 18th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Barcelona. Spain. 2008. P. 1711.Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 1997; 46 (8): 1–24.Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 1997; 46 (8): 1–24.Nuorti J.P., Butler J.C., Farley M.M. et al. Cigarette smoking and invasive pneumococcal disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000; 342: 681–689.Nuorti J.P., Butler J.C., Farley M.M. et al. Cigarette smoking and invasive pneumococcal disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000; 342: 681–689.Костинов М.П., Папуашвили М.Н. Снегова Н.Ф. Сухинин М.В, Харит С.М. ВИЧ-инфекция. Клинико-диагностические и лечебно-профилактические аспекты. М.: Боргес. 2004. 126 с.Костинов М.П., Папуашвили М.Н. Снегова Н.Ф. Сухинин М.В, Харит С.М. ВИЧ-инфекция. Клинико-диагностические и лечебно-профилактические аспекты. М.: Боргес. 2004. 126 с.Wong W.Y., Overturf G.D., Powars D.R. Infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with sickle cell disease: epidemiology, immunologic mechanisms, prophylaxis, and vaccination. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1992; 14: 1124–1136.Wong W.Y., Overturf G.D., Powars D.R. Infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with sickle cell disease: epidemiology, immunologic mechanisms, prophylaxis, and vaccination. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1992; 14: 1124–1136.Farley J.J., King J.C., Nair P., Hines S.E., Tressler R.L., Vink P.E. Invasive pneumococcal disease among infected and uninfected children of mothers with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Pediatr. 1994; 124: 853–858.Farley J.J., King J.C., Nair P., Hines S.E., Tressler R.L., Vink P.E. Invasive pneumococcal disease among infected and uninfected children of mothers with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Pediatr. 1994; 124: 853–858.Mao C., Harper M., McIntosh K. et al. Invasive pneumococcal infections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. J. Infect. Dis. 1996; 173: 870–876.Mao C., Harper M., McIntosh K. et al. Invasive pneumococcal infections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. J. Infect. Dis. 1996; 173: 870–876.Moore D., Nelson M., Henderson D. Pneumococcal vaccination and HIV infection [Review]. Intl. J. STD AIDS. 1998; 9: 1–7.Moore D., Nelson M., Henderson D. Pneumococcal vaccination and HIV infection [Review]. Intl. J. STD AIDS. 1998; 9: 1–7.Plotkin S.A., Orenstein W.A. Vaccines. 4 edition. 2004. P. 529–624.Plotkin S.A., Orenstein W.A. Vaccines. 4 edition. 2004. P. 529–624.Страчунский Л.С., Кречикова О.И., Решедько Г.К. и др. Чувствительность к антибиотикам пневмококков, выделенных от здоровых детей из организованных коллективов. Клин. Микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. 1999; 1 (1): 31–39.Страчунский Л.С., Кречикова О.И., Решедько Г.К. и др. Чувствительность к антибиотикам пневмококков, выделенных от здоровых детей из организованных коллективов. Клин. Микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. 1999; 1 (1): 31–39.Klugman K.P., McGee L. Resurgence of the Multiresistant Pneumococcus in the United States: A Commentary. Pediatric Infectious Disease J. 2007; 26 (6): 473–474.Klugman K.P., McGee L. Resurgence of the Multiresistant Pneumococcus in the United States: A Commentary. Pediatric Infectious Disease J. 2007; 26 (6): 473–474.Reinert R.R. The antimicrobial resistance profile of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2009; 15 (3): 7–11.Reinert R.R. The antimicrobial resistance profile of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2009; 15 (3): 7–11.WHO. Pneumococcal vaccines Weekly Epidemiol Record 2003(14:): 110–119.WHO. Pneumococcal vaccines Weekly Epidemiol Record 2003(14:): 110–119.Пульмонология 2005–2006. Российское респираторное общество, клинические рекомендации.Пульмонология 2005–2006. Российское респираторное общество, клинические рекомендации.Douglas R.M., Paton J.C., Duncan S.J., Hansman D.J. Antibody response to pneumococcal vaccination in children younger than five years of age. J. Infect. Dis. 1983; 148: 131–137.Douglas R.M., Paton J.C., Duncan S.J., Hansman D.J. Antibody response to pneumococcal vaccination in children younger than five years of age. J. Infect. Dis. 1983; 148: 131–137.WHO. Annual subscription ISSN 0049-8114 Printed in Switzerland Contents 373 23–valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, WHO position paper Weekly epidemiological record. 2008; 83 (42): 373–384. URL: http://www.who.int/werWHO. Annual subscription ISSN 0049-8114 Printed in Switzerland Contents 373 23–valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, WHO position paper Weekly epidemiological record. 2008; 83 (42): 373–384. URL: http://www.who.int/werMMWR. Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule — United States. 2009; 57 (53): 4.MMWR. Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule — United States. 2009; 57 (53): 4.Аксенова В.А. и соавт. Профилактическое лечение детей с латентной туберкулезной инфекцией в комплексе с вакцинопрофилактикой неспецифической инфекционной патологии верхних и нижних отделов респираторного тракта. Пособие для врачей МЗ РФ. М. 2002. 10 с.Аксенова В.А. и соавт. Профилактическое лечение детей с латентной туберкулезной инфекцией в комплексе с вакцинопрофилактикой неспецифической инфекционной патологии верхних и нижних отделов респираторного тракта. Пособие для врачей МЗ РФ. М. 2002. 10 с.Применение вакцин «Пневмо–23» и «Акт–ХИБ» в комплексе лечебно– профилактических мероприятий при хронических воспалительных заболеваниях легких у детей. Под редакцией М.П. Костинова. М.: Медицина для всех. 2004. 48с.Применение вакцин «Пневмо–23» и «Акт–ХИБ» в комплексе лечебно– профилактических мероприятий при хронических воспалительных заболеваниях легких у детей. Под редакцией М.П. Костинова. М.: Медицина для всех. 2004. 48с.Гаращенко Т.И., Костинов М.П., Ильенко Л.И., Гаращенко М.В. Фошина Е.П., и др. Профилактическое и терапевтическое использование гемофильной и пневмококковой вакцин у часто и длительно болеющих детей с рецидивирующими средними отитами. Вопросы современной педиатрии. 2006; 5 (5): 18–22.Гаращенко Т.И., Костинов М.П., Ильенко Л.И., Гаращенко М.В. Фошина Е.П., и др. Профилактическое и терапевтическое использование гемофильной и пневмококковой вакцин у часто и длительно болеющих детей с рецидивирующими средними отитами. Вопросы современной педиатрии. 2006; 5 (5): 18–22.Протокол ведения больных «Хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких» от 4 июля 2005 г. Проблемы стандартизации в здравоохранении №1. 2007. 83 с.Протокол ведения больных «Хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких» от 4 июля 2005 г. Проблемы стандартизации в здравоохранении №1. 2007. 83 с.Тарасова А.А. Состояние специфического иммунитета у детей с иммунопатологическими заболеваниями, вакцинированными в рамках календаря прививок, и клинико–иммунологический эффект бактериальной и гриппозной вакцин. Автореф.дис…докт.мед.наук. Нижний Новгород. 2006. 46 с.Тарасова А.А. Состояние специфического иммунитета у детей с иммунопатологическими заболеваниями, вакцинированными в рамках календаря прививок, и клинико–иммунологический эффект бактериальной и гриппозной вакцин. Автореф.дис…докт.мед.наук. Нижний Новгород. 2006. 46 с.Ansaldi F., Turello V., Lai P. et al. Effectiveness of a 23–valent polysaccharide vaccine in preventing pneumonia and non-invasive pneumococcal infection in elderly people. A large scale retrospective cohort study. J. Intern. Med. Res. 2005; 33: 490–500.Ansaldi F., Turello V., Lai P. et al. Effectiveness of a 23–valent polysaccharide vaccine in preventing pneumonia and non-invasive pneumococcal infection in elderly people. A large scale retrospective cohort study. J. Intern. Med. Res. 2005; 33: 490–500.Sanal O., Ersoy F., Yel L et al. Impaired IgG antibody production to pneumococcal polysaccharides in patients with ataxia telangiectasia. J. Clin. Immunol.1999; 19: 326-334Sanal O., Ersoy F., Yel L et al. Impaired IgG antibody production to pneumococcal polysaccharides in patients with ataxia telangiectasia. J. Clin. Immunol.1999; 19: 326-334Bjornson A.B., Falletta J.M., Verter J.I. et al. Serotype specific immunoglobulin G antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in children with sickle cell anemia: effects of continued penicillin prophylaxis. J. Pediatr. 1996; 129: 828–835.Bjornson A.B., Falletta J.M., Verter J.I. et al. Serotype specific immunoglobulin G antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in children with sickle cell anemia: effects of continued penicillin prophylaxis. J. Pediatr. 1996; 129: 828–835.King JC, Vink PE, Farley JJ, Smilie M, Parks M. Comparison of the safety and immunogenicity of a pneumococcal conjugate with a licensed polysaccharide vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus and non human immunodeficiency virus infected children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1996; 15: 192–196.King JC, Vink PE, Farley JJ, Smilie M, Parks M. Comparison of the safety and immunogenicity of a pneumococcal conjugate with a licensed polysaccharide vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus and non human immunodeficiency virus infected children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1996; 15: 192–196.Bjornson A.B., Falletta J.M., Verter J.I. et al. Serotype-specific immunoglobulin G antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in children with sickle cell anemia: effects of continued penicillin prophylaxis. J. Pediatr. 1996; 129: 828–835.Bjornson A.B., Falletta J.M., Verter J.I. et al. Serotype-specific immunoglobulin G antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in children with sickle cell anemia: effects of continued penicillin prophylaxis. J. Pediatr. 1996; 129: 828–835.Siber G.R., Klugman P.K., Makela P.H. Pneumococcаl vaccines. Washington: Press. 2008. 449 р.Siber G.R., Klugman P.K., Makela P.H. Pneumococcаl vaccines. Washington: Press. 2008. 449 р.Klein D.L., Ellis R.W. Conjugate vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae. In: Levine M.M., Woodrow G.C., Kaper J.B., Cobon G.S. eds. New generation vaccines. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1997. Р. 503–525.Klein D.L., Ellis R.W. Conjugate vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae. In: Levine M.M., Woodrow G.C., Kaper J.B., Cobon G.S. eds. New generation vaccines. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1997. Р. 503–525.Reinert R.R. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccinesa European perspective. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 2004; 294 (5): 277–294.Reinert R.R. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccinesa European perspective. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 2004; 294 (5): 277–294.Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for childhood immunization – WHO position paper. Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2007; 82 (12): 93–104.Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for childhood immunization – WHO position paper. Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2007; 82 (12): 93–104.Progress in Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine, Worldwide. 2000–2008. MMWR. 2008; 57 (42); 1148–1151.Progress in Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine, Worldwide. 2000–2008. MMWR. 2008; 57 (42); 1148–1151.Updated Recommendation from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for Use of 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV7) in Children Aged 24–59 Months Who Are Not Completely Vaccinated. MMWR. 2008; 57 (13): 343–344.Updated Recommendation from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for Use of 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV7) in Children Aged 24–59 Months Who Are Not Completely Vaccinated. MMWR. 2008; 57 (13): 343–344.Bliss S. J., O'Brien K. L., Janoff E. N. et al. The evidence for using conjugate vaccines to protect HIV-infected children against pneumococcal disease. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2008; 8: 67–80.Bliss S. J., O'Brien K. L., Janoff E. N. et al. The evidence for using conjugate vaccines to protect HIV-infected children against pneumococcal disease. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2008; 8: 67–80.Whitney C. G., Farley M. M., Hadler J. et al. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of proteinpolysaccharide conjugate vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003; 348: 1737–1746.Whitney C. G., Farley M. M., Hadler J. et al. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of proteinpolysaccharide conjugate vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003; 348: 1737–1746.Invasive pneumococcal disease in children 5 years after conjugate vaccine introduction eight states 1998–2005. MMWR. 2008; 57 (6): 144–148.Invasive pneumococcal disease in children 5 years after conjugate vaccine introduction eight states 1998–2005. MMWR. 2008; 57 (6): 144–148.Shutt M. R., Moore B. W., Beall N. M. et al. Harrison Effect of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Pneumococcal Meningitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009; 360 (3): 244–256.Shutt M. R., Moore B. W., Beall N. M. et al. Harrison Effect of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Pneumococcal Meningitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009; 360 (3): 244–256.Grijalva C. G., Nuorti J. P., Arbogast P. G. et al. Decline in pneumonia admissions after routine childhood immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the USA: a time-series analysis. Lancet. 2007; 369: 1179–1186.Grijalva C. G., Nuorti J. P., Arbogast P. G. et al. Decline in pneumonia admissions after routine childhood immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the USA: a time-series analysis. Lancet. 2007; 369: 1179–1186.Smith P. J., Nuorti J. P., Singleton J. A. et al. Effect of vaccine shortages on timeliness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination: results from the 2001–2005 National Immunization Survey. Pediatrics. 2007; 120: 1165–1173.Smith P. J., Nuorti J. P., Singleton J. A. et al. Effect of vaccine shortages on timeliness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination: results from the 2001–2005 National Immunization Survey. Pediatrics. 2007; 120: 1165–1173.Pneumonia hospitalizations among young children before and after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine United States 1997–2006. MMWR Rep. 2009; 58 (1): 1–4.Pneumonia hospitalizations among young children before and after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine United States 1997–2006. MMWR Rep. 2009; 58 (1): 1–4.Madhi S. A., Levine O. S., Hajjeh R. et al. Vaccines to prevent pneumonia and improve child survival. Bull World Health Organ. 2008; 86: 365–372.Madhi S. A., Levine O. S., Hajjeh R. et al. Vaccines to prevent pneumonia and improve child survival. Bull World Health Organ. 2008; 86: 365–372.Poehling K. A., Szilagyi P. G., Grijalva C. G. et al. Reduction of frequent otitis media and pressure-equalizing tube insertion in children after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatrics. 2007; 119: 707–715.Poehling K. A., Szilagyi P. G., Grijalva C. G. et al. Reduction of frequent otitis media and pressure-equalizing tube insertion in children after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatrics. 2007; 119: 707–715.Sinha A., Levine O., Knoll M. D. et al. Cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in the prevention of child mortality: an international economic analysis. Lancet. 2007; 369: 389–396.Sinha A., Levine O., Knoll M. D. et al. Cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in the prevention of child mortality: an international economic analysis. Lancet. 2007; 369: 389–396.Direct and indirect effects of routine vaccination of children with 7–valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease United States 1998–2003. MMWR. 2005; 54 (36): 893–897.Direct and indirect effects of routine vaccination of children with 7–valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease United States 1998–2003. MMWR. 2005; 54 (36): 893–897.O'Brien K.L., Winkelstein J.A., Santosham M. et al. Immunogenicity of a pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccine in infants with sickle cell disease. Pediatr. Res. 1996; 39 (4): 160.O'Brien K.L., Winkelstein J.A., Santosham M. et al. Immunogenicity of a pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccine in infants with sickle cell disease. Pediatr. Res. 1996; 39 (4): 160.Sorensen R.U., Leiva L.E., Giangrosso P.A. et al. Response to a heptavalent conjugate Streptococcus pneumonia vaccine in children with recurrent infections who are unresponsive to the polysaccharide vaccine. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1998; 17: 685–691.Sorensen R.U., Leiva L.E., Giangrosso P.A. et al. Response to a heptavalent conjugate Streptococcus pneumonia vaccine in children with recurrent infections who are unresponsive to the polysaccharide vaccine. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1998; 17: 685–691.Miernyk K.M., Parkinson A.J., Rudolph K.M. et al. Immunogenicity of a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Apache and Navajo Indian, Alaska Native, and non-native American infants aged 2 years. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2000; 31: 34–41.Miernyk K.M., Parkinson A.J., Rudolph K.M. et al. Immunogenicity of a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Apache and Navajo Indian, Alaska Native, and non-native American infants aged 2 years. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2000; 31: 34–41.Bliss F., Larzalere–Hinton R., Lacapa K.R. et al. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Among White Mountain Apache Adults 1991–2005. Arch. Intern. Med. 2008; 168 (7): 749–755.Bliss F., Larzalere–Hinton R., Lacapa K.R. et al. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Among White Mountain Apache Adults 1991–2005. Arch. Intern. Med. 2008; 168 (7): 749–755.King J.C., Vink P.E., Farley J.J. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of three doses of a five-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than two years with and without human immu nodeficiency virus infection. Pediatrics. 1997; 99: 575–580.King J.C., Vink P.E., Farley J.J. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of three doses of a five-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than two years with and without human immu nodeficiency virus infection. Pediatrics. 1997; 99: 575–580.Tyrrell G. J., Lovgren M., Chui N. et al. Serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibilities of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae preand post seven valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction in Canada 2000–2006. Vaccine. 2009; 27 (27): 3553–3560.Tyrrell G. J., Lovgren M., Chui N. et al. Serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibilities of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae preand post seven valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction in Canada 2000–2006. Vaccine. 2009; 27 (27): 3553–3560.World Health Organization. Meeting of the Immunization Strategic Advisory Group of Experts. Conclusions and recommendations. Wkly Epidemiol. Rec. 2008; 83: 193–208.World Health Organization. Meeting of the Immunization Strategic Advisory Group of Experts. Conclusions and recommendations. Wkly Epidemiol. Rec. 2008; 83: 193–208.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.