vspВопросы современной педиатрииCurrent Pediatrics1682-55271682-5535Издательство «ПедиатрЪ»10.15690/vsp.v16i5.1804vsp-1808Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫLITERATURE REVIEWОЖИРЕНИЕ У ДЕТЕЙ: НОВЫЕ КОНЦЕПЦИИ И НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ. ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫOBESITY IN CHILDREN: NEW PREVENTION CONCEPTS AND APPROACHES. LITERATURE REVIEWhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3366-6824НетребенкоО. К.NetrebenkoOlga K.

доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры госпитальной педиатрии им. академика В.А. Таболина педиатрического факультета РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова

olga.netrebenko@ru.nestle.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6540-9630УкраинцевС. Е.UkraintsevSergey E.https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1284-5890МельниковаИ. Ю.MelnikovaIrina Yu.Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова, Москва ООО «Нестле-Россия», МоскваРоссияPirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow; Nestle Russia LLC, MoscowRussian FederationООО «Нестле-Россия», Москва Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр здоровья детей, МоскваРоссияNestle Russia LLC, Moscow; National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health, MoscowRussian FederationСеверо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И.И. Мечникова, Санкт-ПетербургРоссияNorth-Western State Medical University named after I.I. MechnikovRussian Federation201725112017165399405Copyright © Нетребенко О.К., Украинцев С.Е., Мельникова И.Ю., 20172017Нетребенко О.К., Украинцев С.Е., Мельникова И.Ю.Netrebenko O.K., Ukraintsev S.E., Melnikova I.Y.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vsp.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1808

В обзоре представлены современные концепции истоков ожирения у детей и взрослых. Обоснована точка зрения антенатального происхождения ожирения, связанного с неправильным питанием женщины в период беременности; рассматриваются также возможности влияния питания ребенка грудного и раннего возраста на развитие ожирения у него в будущем. Новые возможности профилактики ожирения должны быть направлены на оптимизацию питания женщины до и в период вынашивания ребенка, на поддержание грудного вскармливания, соблюдение сроков введения прикорма и адекватное кормление детей старше одного года жизни.

 

The review presents modern concepts of the obesity origins in children and adults. We substantiate the point of view of antenatal origin of obesity caused by malnutrition of a woman during pregnancy and also consider the possibility of influence of infant and young child nutrition on the development of obesity in the future. New opportunities for obesity prevention should be aimed at optimizing women's nutrition before and during childbearing, supporting breastfeeding, observing the timing of complementary feeding and adequate feeding of children after one year of age.

 

избыточная масса телаожирениераспространенностьпричинывлияние на здоровьеантенатальная профилактикадиагностикадетиoverweightobesityprevalencecauseshealth effectsantenatal preventiondiagnosischildrenReferenceswho.int [Internet]. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. Overweight and obesity [cited 2017 Aug 9]. Available from: http:// www.who.int/entity/gho/ncd/risk_factors/overweight/en/.who.int [Internet]. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. Overweight and obesity [cited 2017 Aug 9]. Available from: http:// www.who.int/entity/gho/ncd/risk_factors/overweight/en/.The Washington Post. The Health Care Blog [Internet]. Stein R. Even baby fats needs weight-watching, National Academy of science says [cited 2017 Aug 13]. Available from: https://www. washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/even-babies-weight-needs-watching-national-academy-of-sciences-says/2011/06/22/ AG0bJYhH_story.html?utm_term=.35734907d14f.The Washington Post. The Health Care Blog [Internet]. Stein R. Even baby fats needs weight-watching, National Academy of science says [cited 2017 Aug 13]. Available from: https://www. washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/even-babies-weight-needs-watching-national-academy-of-sciences-says/2011/06/22/ AG0bJYhH_story.html?utm_term=.35734907d14f.Wang YF. Cross-national comparison of childhood obesity: the epidemic and the relationship between obesity and socioeconomic status. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30(5):1129–1136. doi: 10.1093/ ije/30.5.1129.Wang YF. Cross-national comparison of childhood obesity: the epidemic and the relationship between obesity and socioeconomic status. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30(5):1129–1136. doi: 10.1093/ ije/30.5.1129.Нетребенко О.К. Младенческие истоки ожирения // Лечение и профилактика. — 2011. — № 1 — С. 42–49. [Netrebenko OK. Mladencheskie istoki ozhireniya. Lechenie i profilaktika. 2011;(1):42–49. (In Russ).]Нетребенко О.К. Младенческие истоки ожирения // Лечение и профилактика. — 2011. — № 1 — С. 42–49. [Netrebenko OK. Mladencheskie istoki ozhireniya. Lechenie i profilaktika. 2011;(1):42–49. (In Russ).]Батурин А.К., Нетребенко О.К. Практика вскармливания детей первых двух лет жизни в Российской Федерации // Педиатрия. Журнал имени Г.Н. Сперанского. — 2010. — Т. 89. — № 3 — С. 99–105. [Baturin AK, Netrebenko OK. Praktika vskarmlivaniya detei pervykh dvukh let zhizni v Rossiiskoi Federatsii. Pediatriia. 2010;89(3):99–105. (In Russ).]Батурин А.К., Нетребенко О.К. Практика вскармливания детей первых двух лет жизни в Российской Федерации // Педиатрия. Журнал имени Г.Н. Сперанского. — 2010. — Т. 89. — № 3 — С. 99–105. [Baturin AK, Netrebenko OK. Praktika vskarmlivaniya detei pervykh dvukh let zhizni v Rossiiskoi Federatsii. Pediatriia. 2010;89(3):99–105. (In Russ).]Skinner AC, Steiner MJ, Henderson FW, Perrin EM. Multiple markers of inflammation and weight status: cross-sectional analyses throughout childhood. Pediatrics. 2010;125(4):e801–e809. doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-2182.Skinner AC, Steiner MJ, Henderson FW, Perrin EM. Multiple markers of inflammation and weight status: cross-sectional analyses throughout childhood. Pediatrics. 2010;125(4):e801–e809. doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-2182.Dorner G, Mohnike A. [Possible importance of pre- and-or early postnatal nutrition in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. (In German).] Acta Biol Med Ger. 1973;31(3):K7–10.Dorner G, Mohnike A. [Possible importance of pre- and-or early postnatal nutrition in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. (In German).] Acta Biol Med Ger. 1973;31(3):K7–10.Levin BE. Metabolic imprinting: critical impact of the perinatal environment on the regulation of energy homeostasis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006;361(1471):1107–1121. doi: 10.1098/ rstb.2006.1851.Levin BE. Metabolic imprinting: critical impact of the perinatal environment on the regulation of energy homeostasis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006;361(1471):1107–1121. doi: 10.1098/ rstb.2006.1851.Barker DJ, Gluckman PD, Godfrey KM, et al. Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life. Lancet. 1993;341(8850): 938–941. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91224-A.Barker DJ, Gluckman PD, Godfrey KM, et al. Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life. Lancet. 1993;341(8850): 938–941. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91224-A.Fowden AL, Giussani DA, Forhead AJ. Intrauterine programming of physiological systems: causes and consequences. Physiology (Bethesda). 2006;21:29–37. doi: 10.1152/physiol.00050.2005.Fowden AL, Giussani DA, Forhead AJ. Intrauterine programming of physiological systems: causes and consequences. Physiology (Bethesda). 2006;21:29–37. doi: 10.1152/physiol.00050.2005.Roseboom TJ, van der Meulen JH, Osmond C, et al. Plasma lipid profiles in adults after prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(5):1101–1106.Roseboom TJ, van der Meulen JH, Osmond C, et al. Plasma lipid profiles in adults after prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(5):1101–1106.Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Low FM. The role of developmental plasticity and epigenetics in human health. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2011;93(1):12–18. doi: 10.1002/bdrc.20198.Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Low FM. The role of developmental plasticity and epigenetics in human health. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2011;93(1):12–18. doi: 10.1002/bdrc.20198.George LA, Uthlaut AB, Long NM, et al. Different levels of overnutrition and weight gain during pregnancy have differential effects on fetal growth and organ development. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2010;8(1):75. doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-75.George LA, Uthlaut AB, Long NM, et al. Different levels of overnutrition and weight gain during pregnancy have differential effects on fetal growth and organ development. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2010;8(1):75. doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-75.Catalano PM, Farrell K, Thomas A, et al. Perinatal risk factors for childhood obesity and metabolic dysregulation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(5):1303–1313. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27416.Catalano PM, Farrell K, Thomas A, et al. Perinatal risk factors for childhood obesity and metabolic dysregulation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(5):1303–1313. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27416.Donahue SM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Gold DR, et al. Prenatal fatty acid status and child adiposity at age 3 y: results from a US pregnancy cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(4):780–788. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.005801.Donahue SM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Gold DR, et al. Prenatal fatty acid status and child adiposity at age 3 y: results from a US pregnancy cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(4):780–788. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.005801.Sirimi N, Goulis DG. Obesity in pregnancy. Hormones (Athens). 2010;9(4):299–306. doi: 10.14310/horm.2002.1280.Sirimi N, Goulis DG. Obesity in pregnancy. Hormones (Athens). 2010;9(4):299–306. doi: 10.14310/horm.2002.1280.Basu S, Haghiac M, Surace P, et al. Pregravid obesity associates with increased maternal endotoxemia and metabolic inflammation. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011;19(3):476–482. doi: 10.1038/ oby.2010.215.Basu S, Haghiac M, Surace P, et al. Pregravid obesity associates with increased maternal endotoxemia and metabolic inflammation. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011;19(3):476–482. doi: 10.1038/ oby.2010.215.Boney CM, Verma A, Tucker R, Vohr BR. Metabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics. 2005;115(3):e290–e296. doi: 10.1542/peds.2004-1808.Boney CM, Verma A, Tucker R, Vohr BR. Metabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics. 2005;115(3):e290–e296. doi: 10.1542/peds.2004-1808.Goldani HA, Bettiol H, Barbieri MA, et al. Cesarean delivery is associated with an increased risk of obesity in adulthood in a Brazilian birth cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(6):1344–1347. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.010033.Goldani HA, Bettiol H, Barbieri MA, et al. Cesarean delivery is associated with an increased risk of obesity in adulthood in a Brazilian birth cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(6):1344–1347. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.010033.Page KC, Malik RE, Ripple JA, Anday EK. Maternal and postweaning diet interaction alters hypothalamic gene expression and modulates response to a high-fat diet in male offspring. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009;297(4):R1049–1057. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.90585.2008.Page KC, Malik RE, Ripple JA, Anday EK. Maternal and postweaning diet interaction alters hypothalamic gene expression and modulates response to a high-fat diet in male offspring. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009;297(4):R1049–1057. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.90585.2008.Baird J, Fisher D, Lucas P, et al. Being big or growing fast: systematic review of size and growth in infancy and later obesity. Br Med J. 2005;331(7522):929–931. doi: 10.1136/ bmj.38586.411273.E0.Baird J, Fisher D, Lucas P, et al. Being big or growing fast: systematic review of size and growth in infancy and later obesity. Br Med J. 2005;331(7522):929–931. doi: 10.1136/ bmj.38586.411273.E0.Botton J, Heude B, Maccario J, et al. Postnatal weight and height growth velocities at different ages between birth and 5 y and body composition in adolescent boys and girls. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(6):1760–1768.Botton J, Heude B, Maccario J, et al. Postnatal weight and height growth velocities at different ages between birth and 5 y and body composition in adolescent boys and girls. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(6):1760–1768.Ekelund U, Ong KK, Linne Y, et al. Association of weight gain in infancy and early childhood with metabolic risk in young adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(1):98–103. doi: 10.1210/ jc.2006-1071.Ekelund U, Ong KK, Linne Y, et al. Association of weight gain in infancy and early childhood with metabolic risk in young adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(1):98–103. doi: 10.1210/ jc.2006-1071.Rolland-Cachera MF, Deheeger M, Akrout M, Bellisle F. Influence of macronutrients on adiposity development: a follow up study of nutrition and growth from 10 months to 8 years of age. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1995;19(8):573–578.Rolland-Cachera MF, Deheeger M, Akrout M, Bellisle F. Influence of macronutrients on adiposity development: a follow up study of nutrition and growth from 10 months to 8 years of age. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1995;19(8):573–578.Socha P, Grote V, Gruszfeld D, et al. Milk protein intake, the metabolic-endocrine response, and growth in infancy: data from a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(6 Suppl):1776S– 1784S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.000596.Socha P, Grote V, Gruszfeld D, et al. Milk protein intake, the metabolic-endocrine response, and growth in infancy: data from a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(6 Suppl):1776S– 1784S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.000596.Birbilis M, Moschonis G, Mougios V, et al. Obesity in adolescence is associated with perinatal risk factors, parental BMI and sociodemographic characteristics. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(1): 115–121. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.176.Birbilis M, Moschonis G, Mougios V, et al. Obesity in adolescence is associated with perinatal risk factors, parental BMI and sociodemographic characteristics. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(1): 115–121. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.176.Saavedra JM, Deming D, Dattilo A, Reidy K. Lessons from the feeding infants and toddlers study in North America: what children eat, and implications for obesity prevention. Ann Nutr Metab. 2013;62 Suppl 3:27–36. doi: 10.1159/000351538.Saavedra JM, Deming D, Dattilo A, Reidy K. Lessons from the feeding infants and toddlers study in North America: what children eat, and implications for obesity prevention. Ann Nutr Metab. 2013;62 Suppl 3:27–36. doi: 10.1159/000351538.van’t Hof MA, Haschke F. The Euro-Growth Study: why, who, and how. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;31 Suppl 1:S3–S13. doi: 10.1097/00005176-200007001-00002.van’t Hof MA, Haschke F. The Euro-Growth Study: why, who, and how. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;31 Suppl 1:S3–S13. doi: 10.1097/00005176-200007001-00002.Ben-Shlomo Y, Holly J, McCarthy A, et al. Prenatal and postnatal milk supplementation and adult insulin-like growth factor I: longterm follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(5):1336–1339. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0908.Ben-Shlomo Y, Holly J, McCarthy A, et al. Prenatal and postnatal milk supplementation and adult insulin-like growth factor I: longterm follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(5):1336–1339. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0908.Hoppe C, Udam TR, Lauritzen L, et al. Animal protein intake, serum insulin-like growth factor I, and growth in healthy 2.5-y-old Danish children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(2):447–452.Hoppe C, Udam TR, Lauritzen L, et al. Animal protein intake, serum insulin-like growth factor I, and growth in healthy 2.5-y-old Danish children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(2):447–452.Martin R, Holly J, Gunnell D. Milk and linear growth: programming of the IGF-1 axis and implication for health in adulthood. In: Clemens RA, Hernell O, Michaelsen KF, editors. Milk and milk products in human nutrition. Vevey, Basel, Switzerland: Nestec Ltd., Karger AG; 2011. pp. 79–97. doi: 10.1159/000325577.Martin R, Holly J, Gunnell D. Milk and linear growth: programming of the IGF-1 axis and implication for health in adulthood. In: Clemens RA, Hernell O, Michaelsen KF, editors. Milk and milk products in human nutrition. Vevey, Basel, Switzerland: Nestec Ltd., Karger AG; 2011. pp. 79–97. doi: 10.1159/000325577.Juul A, Scheike T, Davidsen M, et al. Low serum insulin-like growth factor I is associated with increased risk of ischemic heart disease: a population-based case-control study. Circulation. 2002;106(8):939–944. doi: 10.1161/01.Cir.0000027563. 44593.cc.Juul A, Scheike T, Davidsen M, et al. Low serum insulin-like growth factor I is associated with increased risk of ischemic heart disease: a population-based case-control study. Circulation. 2002;106(8):939–944. doi: 10.1161/01.Cir.0000027563. 44593.cc.Gunther AL, Buyken AE, Kroke A. Protein intake during the period of complementary feeding and early childhood and the association with body mass index and percentage body fat at 7 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(6):1626–1633.Gunther AL, Buyken AE, Kroke A. Protein intake during the period of complementary feeding and early childhood and the association with body mass index and percentage body fat at 7 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(6):1626–1633.Barlow SE. Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics. 2007;120 Suppl 4:S164–S192. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-2329C.Barlow SE. Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics. 2007;120 Suppl 4:S164–S192. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-2329C.Mustila T, Keskinen P, Luoto R. Behavioral counseling to prevent childhood obesity — study protocol of a pragmatic trial in maternity and child health care. BMC Pediatr. 2012;12(1). doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-93.Mustila T, Keskinen P, Luoto R. Behavioral counseling to prevent childhood obesity — study protocol of a pragmatic trial in maternity and child health care. BMC Pediatr. 2012;12(1). doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-93.Wen Li, Baur L, Simpson J, et al. Effectiveness of home based intervention on children’s BMI at age 2: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2012;344:e3732-e3743. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e3732.Wen Li, Baur L, Simpson J, et al. Effectiveness of home based intervention on children’s BMI at age 2: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2012;344:e3732-e3743. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e3732.Koletzko B, von Kries R, Monasterolo RC, et al. Can infant feeding choices modulate later obesity risk? Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(5):S1502–S1508. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27113D.Koletzko B, von Kries R, Monasterolo RC, et al. Can infant feeding choices modulate later obesity risk? Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(5):S1502–S1508. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27113D.Locard E, Mamelle N, Billette A, et al. Risk factors of obesity in a five year old population. Parental versus environmental factors. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1992;16(10):721–729.Locard E, Mamelle N, Billette A, et al. Risk factors of obesity in a five year old population. Parental versus environmental factors. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1992;16(10):721–729.Stremler R, Hodnett E, Kenton L, et al. Effect of behavioural-educational intervention on sleep for primiparous women and their infants in early postpartum: multisite randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2013;346:f1164. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f1164.Stremler R, Hodnett E, Kenton L, et al. Effect of behavioural-educational intervention on sleep for primiparous women and their infants in early postpartum: multisite randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2013;346:f1164. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f1164.von Kries R, Toschke AM, Wurmser H, et al. Reduced risk for overweight and obesity in 5- and 6-y-old children by duration of sleep a cross sectional study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002;26(5):710–716. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801980.von Kries R, Toschke AM, Wurmser H, et al. Reduced risk for overweight and obesity in 5- and 6-y-old children by duration of sleep a cross sectional study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002;26(5):710–716. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801980.Birch LL. Development of food acceptance patterns in the first years of life. Proc Nutr Soc. 1998;57(4):617–624. doi: 10.1079/ Pns19980090.Birch LL. Development of food acceptance patterns in the first years of life. Proc Nutr Soc. 1998;57(4):617–624. doi: 10.1079/ Pns19980090.Rodgers RF, Paxton SJ, Massey R, et al. Maternal feeding practices predict weight gain and obesogenic eating behaviors in young children: a prospective study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013;10:24. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-24.Rodgers RF, Paxton SJ, Massey R, et al. Maternal feeding practices predict weight gain and obesogenic eating behaviors in young children: a prospective study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013;10:24. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-24.Brazionis L, Golley RK, Mittinty MN, et al. Diet spanning infancy and toddlerhood is associated with child blood pressure at age 7.5 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97(6):1375–1386. doi: 10.3945/ ajcn.112.038489.Brazionis L, Golley RK, Mittinty MN, et al. Diet spanning infancy and toddlerhood is associated with child blood pressure at age 7.5 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97(6):1375–1386. doi: 10.3945/ ajcn.112.038489.Jansen PW, Roza SJ, Jaddoe VW, et al. Children’s eating behavior, feeding practices of parents and weight problems in early childhood: results from the population-based Generation R Study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012;9:130. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-130.Jansen PW, Roza SJ, Jaddoe VW, et al. Children’s eating behavior, feeding practices of parents and weight problems in early childhood: results from the population-based Generation R Study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012;9:130. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-130.Paul IM, Bartok CJ, Downs DS, et al. Opportunities for the primary prevention of obesity during infancy. Adv Pediatr. 2009;56: 107–133. doi: 10.1016/j.yapd.2009.08.012.Paul IM, Bartok CJ, Downs DS, et al. Opportunities for the primary prevention of obesity during infancy. Adv Pediatr. 2009;56: 107–133. doi: 10.1016/j.yapd.2009.08.012.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.