vspВопросы современной педиатрииCurrent Pediatrics1682-55271682-5535Издательство «ПедиатрЪ»10.15690/vsp.v20i4.2281vsp-2737Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫLITERATURE REVIEWСовременные подходы к лечению артериальной гипертензии у детей и подростков: обзор клинических рекомендацийCurrent Approaches to Arterial Hypertension Management in Children and Adolescents: Clinical Guidelines ReviewБалыковаЛ. А.BalykovaLarisa A.

Балыкова Лариса Александровна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, заведующая кафедрой педиатрии, директор медицинского института Мордовского государственного университета им. Н.П. Огарёва.

430032, Саранск, ул. Ульянова, д. 26а

Saransk

larisabalykova@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5273-6859ЛеонтьеваИ. В.LeontyevaIrina V.

Москва

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3990-9353КраснопольскаяА. В.KrasnopolskayaAnna V.

Саранск

Saransk

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6662-3548СадыковаД. И.SadykovaDinara I.

Казань

Kazan

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6746-4788МашкинаЛ. С.MashkinaLilia S.

Саранск

Saransk

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7973-5015ЧегодаеваИ. Ю.ChegodaevaIrina Yu.

Саранск

Saransk

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2701-1079ХабибрахмановаЗ. Р.KhabibrakhmanovaZulfiia R.

Казань

Kazan

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1732-7443СластниковаЕ. С.SlastnikovaEvgenia S.

Казань

Kazan

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5576-5279ГалимоваЛ. ФGalimovaLilia F.

Казань

Kazan

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1667-3221УшаковаС. А.UshakovaSvetlana A.

Тюмень

Tyumen

Мордовский государственный университет им. Н.П. ОгарёваРоссияOgarev Mordovia State UniversityRussian FederationНИКИ педиатрии им. акад. Ю.Е. ВельтищеваРоссияVeltischev Research and Clinical Institute for PediatricsRussian FederationКазанский государственный медицинский университетРоссияKazan State Medical UniversityRussian FederationДетская республиканская клиническая больницаРоссияRepublican Children's Clinical HospitalRussian FederationГородская поликлиника № 4РоссияCity Polyclinic No. 4Russian Federation202123102021204271281Copyright © Балыкова Л.А., Леонтьева И.В., Краснопольская А.В., Садыкова Д.И., Машкина Л.С., Чегодаева И.Ю., Хабибрахманова З.Р., Сластникова Е.С., Галимова Л.Ф., Ушакова С.А., 20212021Балыкова Л.А., Леонтьева И.В., Краснопольская А.В., Садыкова Д.И., Машкина Л.С., Чегодаева И.Ю., Хабибрахманова З.Р., Сластникова Е.С., Галимова Л.Ф., Ушакова С.А.Balykova L.A., Leontyeva I.V., Krasnopolskaya A.V., Sadykova D.I., Mashkina L.S., Chegodaeva I.Y., Khabibrakhmanova Z.R., Slastnikova E.S., Galimova L.F., Ushakova S.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vsp.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2737

Учитывая рост распространенности повышенного артериального давления (АД) у детей и подростков, знакомство педиатров с современными тенденциями медикаментозной и немедикаментозной терапии артериальной гипертензии (АГ) представляется актуальным и своевременным. Цель работы — представить обзор международных и отечественных рекомендаций по лечению АГ. Проведен поиск информации в сети PubMed по ключевым словам recommendations, arterial hypertension treatment, guidelines of management, pediatric hypertension. Проанализированы обзоры, клинические рекомендации и оригинальные статьи, опубликованные c 2010 по 2020 г. Дано подробное описание дифференцированной тактики лечения АГ у детей и подростков. Подробно обсуждены подходы к немедикаментозной коррекции повышенного АД, описаны показания к антигипертензивной терапии, дана характеристика основных классов гипотензивных средств — показания, противопоказания и возможные побочные эффекты. Также описаны принципы терапии рефрактерной АГ и правила сочетания антигипертензивных средств.

The prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) in children and adolescents is increasing, thus it is crucial and topical to make pediatricians familiar with modern approaches in drug and drug-free therapy for AH. The aim of this review was to provide the overview of international and Russian guidelines for the AH treatment. We have searched the following keywords in PubMed: guidelines, arterial hypertension treatment, guidelines of management, pediatric hypertension. Reviews, clinical guidelines, and original articles published from 2010 to 2020 were analyzed. Detailed description of AH management in children and adolescents is presented. Approaches to drug-free correction of increased blood pressure (BP) are discussed in detail, indications for antihypertensive therapy are described, characteristics of the main classes of antihypertensive drugs are given (indications, contraindications, and possible side effects). Principles of refractory AH management and antihypertensive drugs combinations are also described.

артериальная гипертензиядети и подросткиантигипертензивные средстванемедикаментозная терапияarterial hypertensionchildren and adolescentsantihypertensive drugsdrug-free modalitiesНе указанNot specifiedReferencesАлександров А.А., Кисляк О.А., Леонтьева И.В., Розанов В.Б. Диагностика, лечение и профилактика артериальной гипертензии у детей и подростков: российские рекомендации (второй пересмотр) // Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. — 2009. — Т. 8. — № 4 S1. — 32 с.Aleksandrov AA, Kislyak OA, Leont'eva IV, Rozanov VB. Diagnostika, lechenie i profilaktika arterial'noi gipertenzii u detei i podrostkov: Russian recommendations (second revision). Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2009;8(4 S1):1-32. (In Russ).Song P, Zhang Y Yu J, et al. Global prevalence of hypertension in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(12):1154-1163. 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3310Song P, Zhang Y Yu J, et al. Global prevalence of hypertension in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(12):1154-1163. 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3310Rosner B, Cook NR, Daniels S, Falkner B. Childhood blood pressure trends and risk factors for high blood pressure: the NHANES experience 1988-2008. Hypertension. 2013;62(2):247-254. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSI0NAHA.111.00831Rosner B, Cook NR, Daniels S, Falkner B. Childhood blood pressure trends and risk factors for high blood pressure: the NHANES experience 1988-2008. Hypertension. 2013;62(2):247-254. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSI0NAHA.111.00831Chung ST, Onuzuruike AU, Magge SN. Cardiometabolic risk in obese children. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2018;1411(1):166-183. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13602Chung ST, Onuzuruike AU, Magge SN. Cardiometabolic risk in obese children. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2018;1411(1):166-183. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13602Kelishadi R, Mirmoghtadaee P, Najafi H, Keikha M. Systematic review on the association of abdominal obesity in children and adolescents with risk factors. J Res Med Sci. 2015;20(3):294-307.Kelishadi R, Mirmoghtadaee P, Najafi H, Keikha M. Systematic review on the association of abdominal obesity in children and adolescents with risk factors. J Res Med Sci. 2015;20(3):294-307.Xi B, Zhang T, Li S, et al. Can Pediatric Hypertension Criteria Be Simplified? APrediction Analysis ofSubclinical Cardiovascular Outcomes from the Bogalusa Heart Study. Hypertension. 2017;69(4):691-696. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSI0NAHA.116.08782Xi B, Zhang T, Li S, et al. Can Pediatric Hypertension Criteria Be Simplified? APrediction Analysis ofSubclinical Cardiovascular Outcomes from the Bogalusa Heart Study. Hypertension. 2017;69(4):691-696. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSI0NAHA.116.08782Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3):e20171904. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-1904Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3):e20171904. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-1904Lurbe E, Agabiti-Rosei E, Cruickshank JK, et al. 2016 European Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. J Hypertens. 2016;34(10):1887-1920. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001039Lurbe E, Agabiti-Rosei E, Cruickshank JK, et al. 2016 European Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. J Hypertens. 2016;34(10):1887-1920. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001039Dionne JM, Harris KC, Benoit G, et al. Hypertension Canada Guideline Committee. Hypertension Canada's 2017 Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Pediatric Hypertension. Can J Cardiol. 2017;33(5):577-585. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.03.007Dionne JM, Harris KC, Benoit G, et al. Hypertension Canada Guideline Committee. Hypertension Canada's 2017 Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Pediatric Hypertension. Can J Cardiol. 2017;33(5):577-585. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.03.007Александров А.А., Кисляк О.А., Леонтьева И.В. Клинические рекомендации. Диагностика, лечение и профилактика артериальной гипертензии у детей и подростков // Системные гипертензии. — 2020. — Т. 17. — № 2. — С. 7-35. doi: 10.26442/2075082X.2020.2.200126Aleksandrov AA, Kisliak OA, Leontyeva IV. Clinical guidelines on arterial hypertension diagnosis, treatment and prevention in children and adolescents. Systemic Hypertension. 2020;17(2):7-35. (In Russ). doi: 10.26442/2075082X.2020.2.200126Khoury M, Urbina EM. Hypertension in adolescents: diagnosis, treatment, and implications. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021;5(5):357-366. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30344-8Khoury M, Urbina EM. Hypertension in adolescents: diagnosis, treatment, and implications. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021;5(5):357-366. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30344-8Blanchette E, Flynn JT. Implications of the 2017 AAP Clinical H Practice Guidelines for Management of Hypertension in Children and Adolescents: a Review. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2017;21(5):35. doi: 10.1007/s11906-019-0943-xBlanchette E, Flynn JT. Implications of the 2017 AAP Clinical H Practice Guidelines for Management of Hypertension in Children and Adolescents: a Review. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2017;21(5):35. doi: 10.1007/s11906-019-0943-xMatossian D. Pediatric Hypertension. Pediatr Ann. 2018;47(12):e499-e503. doi: 10.3928/19382359-20181119-01Matossian D. Pediatric Hypertension. Pediatr Ann. 2018;47(12):e499-e503. doi: 10.3928/19382359-20181119-01Salas P, Gonzalez C, Carrillo D, et al. Blood hypertension in children. Guideliness for diagnosis and treatment. Part 2 Pediatric Nephrology Branch, Chilean Pediatric Society. Rev Chil Pediatr. 2019;90(3):336-342. doi: 10.32641/rchped.v90i3.1007Salas P, Gonzalez C, Carrillo D, et al. Blood hypertension in children. Guideliness for diagnosis and treatment. Part 2 Pediatric Nephrology Branch, Chilean Pediatric Society. Rev Chil Pediatr. 2019;90(3):336-342. doi: 10.32641/rchped.v90i3.1007Goel M, Pal P Agrawal A, Ashok C. Relationship of body mass index and other life style factors with hypertension in adolescents. Ann Pediatr Cardiol. 2016;9(1):29-34. doi: 10.4103/0974-2069.171393Goel M, Pal P Agrawal A, Ashok C. Relationship of body mass index and other life style factors with hypertension in adolescents. Ann Pediatr Cardiol. 2016;9(1):29-34. doi: 10.4103/0974-2069.171393Hvidt KN, Olsen MH, Ibsen H, Holm JC. Effect of changes in BMI and waist circumference on ambulatory blood pressure in obese children and adolescents. J Hypertens. 2014;32(7):1470-1477. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000188Hvidt KN, Olsen MH, Ibsen H, Holm JC. Effect of changes in BMI and waist circumference on ambulatory blood pressure in obese children and adolescents. J Hypertens. 2014;32(7):1470-1477. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000188Bondyra-Wisniewska B, Myszkowska-Ryciak J, Harton A. Impact of Lifestyle Intervention Programs for Children and Adolescents with Overweight or Obesity on Body Weight and Selected Cardiometabolic Factors-A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):2061. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18042061Bondyra-Wisniewska B, Myszkowska-Ryciak J, Harton A. Impact of Lifestyle Intervention Programs for Children and Adolescents with Overweight or Obesity on Body Weight and Selected Cardiometabolic Factors-A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):2061. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18042061Zhang T, Zhang H, Li S, et al. Impact of adiposity on incident hypertension is modified by insulin resistance in adults: longitudinal observation from the Bogalusa Heart Study. Hypertension. 2016;67(1):56-62. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06509Zhang T, Zhang H, Li S, et al. Impact of adiposity on incident hypertension is modified by insulin resistance in adults: longitudinal observation from the Bogalusa Heart Study. Hypertension. 2016;67(1):56-62. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06509Barnes TL, Crandell JL, Bell RA, et al. Change in DASH diet score and cardiovascular risk factors in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Nutr Diabetes. 2013;3(10):e91. doi: 10.1038/nutd.2013.32Barnes TL, Crandell JL, Bell RA, et al. Change in DASH diet score and cardiovascular risk factors in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Nutr Diabetes. 2013;3(10):e91. doi: 10.1038/nutd.2013.32Juonala M, Viikari JS, Kahonen M, et al. Life-time risk factors and progression of carotid atherosclerosis in young adults: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(14):1745-1751. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq141Juonala M, Viikari JS, Kahonen M, et al. Life-time risk factors and progression of carotid atherosclerosis in young adults: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(14):1745-1751. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq141Yuan WL, Kakinami L, Gray-Donald K, et al. Influence of dairy product consumption on children's blood pressure: results from the QUALITY cohort. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113(7):936-941. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.03.010Yuan WL, Kakinami L, Gray-Donald K, et al. Influence of dairy product consumption on children's blood pressure: results from the QUALITY cohort. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113(7):936-941. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.03.010Buendia JR, Bradlee ML, Daniels SR, et al. Longitudinal effects of dietary sodium and potassium on blood pressure in adolescent girls. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(6):560-568. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0411Buendia JR, Bradlee ML, Daniels SR, et al. Longitudinal effects of dietary sodium and potassium on blood pressure in adolescent girls. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(6):560-568. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0411Saneei P, Hashemipour M, Kelishadi R, et al. Effects of recommendations to follow the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet vs. usual dietary advice on childhood metabolic syndrome: a randomised cross-over clinical trial. Br J Nutr. 2013;110(12):2250-2259. doi: 10.1017/S0007114513001724Saneei P, Hashemipour M, Kelishadi R, et al. Effects of recommendations to follow the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet vs. usual dietary advice on childhood metabolic syndrome: a randomised cross-over clinical trial. Br J Nutr. 2013;110(12):2250-2259. doi: 10.1017/S0007114513001724Niinikoski H, Jula A, Viikari J, et al. Blood pressure is lower in children and adolescents with a lowsaturated-fat diet since infancy: the special Turku coronary risk factor intervention project. Hypertension. 2009;53(6):918-924. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSI0NAHA.109.130146Niinikoski H, Jula A, Viikari J, et al. Blood pressure is lower in children and adolescents with a lowsaturated-fat diet since infancy: the special Turku coronary risk factor intervention project. Hypertension. 2009;53(6):918-924. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSI0NAHA.109.130146Davis JN, Ventura EE, Cook LT, et al. LA Sprouts: a gardening, nutrition, and cooking intervention for Latino youth improves diet and reduces obesity. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(8):1224-1230. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.05.009Davis JN, Ventura EE, Cook LT, et al. LA Sprouts: a gardening, nutrition, and cooking intervention for Latino youth improves diet and reduces obesity. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(8):1224-1230. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.05.009Yang Q, Zhang Z, Kuklina EV, et al. Sodium intake and blood pressure among US children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2012;130(4):611-619. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-3870Yang Q, Zhang Z, Kuklina EV, et al. Sodium intake and blood pressure among US children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2012;130(4):611-619. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-3870Boegehold MA. The effect of high salt intake on endothelial function:reduced vascular nitric oxide in the absence of hypertension. J Vasc Res. 2013;50(6):458-467. doi: 10.1159/000355270Boegehold MA. The effect of high salt intake on endothelial function:reduced vascular nitric oxide in the absence of hypertension. J Vasc Res. 2013;50(6):458-467. doi: 10.1159/000355270Machado IBS, Tofanelli MR, Saldanha da Silva AA, Simoes E Silva AC. Factors Associated with Primary Hypertension in Pediatric Patients: An Up-to-Date. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2021;17(1):15-37. doi: 10.2174/1573396317999210111200222.Machado IBS, Tofanelli MR, Saldanha da Silva AA, Simoes E Silva AC. Factors Associated with Primary Hypertension in Pediatric Patients: An Up-to-Date. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2021;17(1):15-37. doi: 10.2174/1573396317999210111200222.Farpour-Lambert NJ, Aggoun Y, Marchand LM, et al. Physical activity reduces systemic blood pressure and improves early markers of atherosclerosis in prepubertal obese children. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(25):2396-2406. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.08.030Farpour-Lambert NJ, Aggoun Y, Marchand LM, et al. Physical activity reduces systemic blood pressure and improves early markers of atherosclerosis in prepubertal obese children. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(25):2396-2406. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.08.030Garcia-Hermoso A, Saavedra JM, Escalante Y. Effects of exercise on resting blood pressure in obese children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev. 2013;14(11):919-928. doi: 10.1111/obr.12054Garcia-Hermoso A, Saavedra JM, Escalante Y. Effects of exercise on resting blood pressure in obese children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev. 2013;14(11):919-928. doi: 10.1111/obr.12054Fridolfsson J, Buck C, Hunsberger M, et al. Family consortium. High-intensity activity is more strongly associated with metabolic health in children compared to sedentary time: a cross-sectional study of the I.Family cohort. IntJ BehavNutrPhys Act. 2021;18(1):90. doi: 10.1186/s12966-021-01156-1Fridolfsson J, Buck C, Hunsberger M, et al. Family consortium. High-intensity activity is more strongly associated with metabolic health in children compared to sedentary time: a cross-sectional study of the I.Family cohort. IntJ BehavNutrPhys Act. 2021;18(1):90. doi: 10.1186/s12966-021-01156-1WHO. Physical activity. 26 November 2020. World Health Organization. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity. Accessed on October 6, 2021.WHO. Physical activity. 26 November 2020. World Health Organization. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity. Accessed on October 6, 2021.Black HR, Sica D, Ferdinand K, et al. Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 6: Hypertension: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. Circulation. 2015;132(22):e298-e302. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000242Black HR, Sica D, Ferdinand K, et al. Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 6: Hypertension: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. Circulation. 2015;132(22):e298-e302. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000242Baker-Smith CM, Pietris N, Jinadu L. Recommendations for exercise and screening for safe athletic participation in hypertensive youth. Pediatr Nephrol. 2020;35(5):743-752. doi: 10.1007/s00467-019-04258-yBaker-Smith CM, Pietris N, Jinadu L. Recommendations for exercise and screening for safe athletic participation in hypertensive youth. Pediatr Nephrol. 2020;35(5):743-752. doi: 10.1007/s00467-019-04258-yCai L, Wu Y, Wilson RF, et al. Effect of childhood obesity prevention programs on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2014;129(18):1832-1839. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005666Cai L, Wu Y, Wilson RF, et al. Effect of childhood obesity prevention programs on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2014;129(18):1832-1839. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005666Zhu L, Liu J, Yu Y, Tian Z. Effect of high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic risk factors in childhood obesity: a meta-analysis. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2021;61(5):743-752. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.20.11329-XZhu L, Liu J, Yu Y, Tian Z. Effect of high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic risk factors in childhood obesity: a meta-analysis. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2021;61(5):743-752. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.20.11329-XGregoski MJ, Barnes VA, Tingen MS, et al. Breathing awareness meditation and Life Skills Training programs influence upon ambulatory blood pressure and sodium excretion among African American adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2011;48(1):59-64. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.05.019Gregoski MJ, Barnes VA, Tingen MS, et al. Breathing awareness meditation and Life Skills Training programs influence upon ambulatory blood pressure and sodium excretion among African American adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2011;48(1):59-64. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.05.019Barnes VA, Kapuku GK, Treiber FA. Impact of transcendental meditation on left ventricular mass in African American adolescents. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:923153. doi: 10.1155/2012/923153Barnes VA, Kapuku GK, Treiber FA. Impact of transcendental meditation on left ventricular mass in African American adolescents. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:923153. doi: 10.1155/2012/923153Sieverdes JC, Mueller M, Gregoski MJ, et al. Effects of Hatha yoga on blood pressure, salivary а-amylase, and cortisol function among normotensive and prehypertensive youth. J Altern Complement Med. 2014;20(4):241-250. doi: 10.1089/acm.2013.0139Sieverdes JC, Mueller M, Gregoski MJ, et al. Effects of Hatha yoga on blood pressure, salivary а-amylase, and cortisol function among normotensive and prehypertensive youth. J Altern Complement Med. 2014;20(4):241-250. doi: 10.1089/acm.2013.0139Luehrs RE, Zhang D, Pierce GL, et al. Cigarette Smoking and Longitudinal Associations With Blood Pressure: The CARDIA Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(9):e019566. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.019566Luehrs RE, Zhang D, Pierce GL, et al. Cigarette Smoking and Longitudinal Associations With Blood Pressure: The CARDIA Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(9):e019566. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.019566Чазова И.Е., Жернакова Ю.В. Клинические рекомендации. Диагностика и лечение артериальной гипертонии // Системные гипертензии. — 2019. — Т. 16. — № 1. — С. 6-31. doi: 10.26442/2075082X.2019.1.190179Chazova IE, Zhernakova YuV. Clinical guidelines. Diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension. Systemic Hypertension. 2019;16(1):6-31. (In Russ). doi: 10.26442/2075082X.2019.1.190179Nowak D, Jasionowski A. Analysis of the Consumption of Caffeinated Energy Drinks among Polish Adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(7):7910-7921. doi: 10.3390/ijerph120707910Nowak D, Jasionowski A. Analysis of the Consumption of Caffeinated Energy Drinks among Polish Adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(7):7910-7921. doi: 10.3390/ijerph120707910Kaelber DC, Liu W, Ross M, et al. Diagnosis and Medication Treatment of Pediatric Hypertension: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Pediatrics. 2016;138(6):e20162195. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-2195Kaelber DC, Liu W, Ross M, et al. Diagnosis and Medication Treatment of Pediatric Hypertension: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Pediatrics. 2016;138(6):e20162195. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-2195Tirosh A, Afek A, Rudich A, et al. Progression of normotensive adolescents to hypertensive adults: a study of 26,980 teenagers. Hypertension. 2010;56(2):203-209. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.146415Tirosh A, Afek A, Rudich A, et al. Progression of normotensive adolescents to hypertensive adults: a study of 26,980 teenagers. Hypertension. 2010;56(2):203-209. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.146415Sladowska-Kozfowska J, Litwin M, Niemirska A, et al. Change in left ventricular geometry during antihypertensive treatment in children with primary hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011;26(12):2201-2209. doi: 10.1007/s00467-011-1916-8Sladowska-Kozfowska J, Litwin M, Niemirska A, et al. Change in left ventricular geometry during antihypertensive treatment in children with primary hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011;26(12):2201-2209. doi: 10.1007/s00467-011-1916-8Wuhl E, Trivelli A, Picca S, et al. for the ESCAPE Trial Group. Strict blood-pressure control and progression of renal failure in children. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(17):1639-1650. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0902066Wuhl E, Trivelli A, Picca S, et al. for the ESCAPE Trial Group. Strict blood-pressure control and progression of renal failure in children. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(17):1639-1650. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0902066Seeman T, Dusek J, Vondrak K, et al. Ramipril in the treatment of hypertension and proteinuria in children with chronic kidney diseases. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17(5 Pt 1):415-420. doi: 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.01.008Seeman T, Dusek J, Vondrak K, et al. Ramipril in the treatment of hypertension and proteinuria in children with chronic kidney diseases. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17(5 Pt 1):415-420. doi: 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.01.008Chaturvedi S, Lipszyc DH, Licht C, et al. Pharmacological interventions for hypertension in children. Evid Based Child Health. 2014;9(3):498-580. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008117.pub2Chaturvedi S, Lipszyc DH, Licht C, et al. Pharmacological interventions for hypertension in children. Evid Based Child Health. 2014;9(3):498-580. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008117.pub2Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension: 4. Effects of various classes of antihypertensive drugs-overview and meta-analyses. J Hypertens. 2015;33:195-211. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000447Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension: 4. Effects of various classes of antihypertensive drugs-overview and meta-analyses. J Hypertens. 2015;33:195-211. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000447Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension: 5. Head-to-head comparisons of various classes of anti hypertensive drugs — overview and meta-analyses. J Hypertens. 2015;33(7):1321-1341. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000614Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension: 5. Head-to-head comparisons of various classes of anti hypertensive drugs — overview and meta-analyses. J Hypertens. 2015;33(7):1321-1341. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000614Gilbert N, Hage A. Treatment of arterial hypertension in children and adolescents. Update of therapeutic options. Med Monatsschr Pharm. 2015;38(4):120-131. quiz 133-134.Gilbert N, Hage A. Treatment of arterial hypertension in children and adolescents. Update of therapeutic options. Med Monatsschr Pharm. 2015;38(4):120-131. quiz 133-134.Ferguson MA, Flynn JT. Rational use of anthypertensive medications in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2013;29(6):979-988. doi: 10.1007/s00467-013-2510-zFerguson MA, Flynn JT. Rational use of anthypertensive medications in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2013;29(6):979-988. doi: 10.1007/s00467-013-2510-zMaahs DM, Daniels SR, de Ferranti SD, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in youth with diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;130:1532-1558. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000094Maahs DM, Daniels SR, de Ferranti SD, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in youth with diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;130:1532-1558. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000094Kupferman JC, Aronson Friedman L, Cox C, et al. BP control and left ventricular hypertrophy regression in children with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25(1):167-174. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2012121197Kupferman JC, Aronson Friedman L, Cox C, et al. BP control and left ventricular hypertrophy regression in children with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25(1):167-174. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2012121197Niebauer J, Borjesson M, Carre F, et al. Recommendations for participation in competitive sports of athletes with arterial hypertension: a position statement from the sports cardiology section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(40):3664-3671. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy511Niebauer J, Borjesson M, Carre F, et al. Recommendations for participation in competitive sports of athletes with arterial hypertension: a position statement from the sports cardiology section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(40):3664-3671. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy511Lu YT, Fan P, Zhang D, et al. Overview of Monogenic Forms of Hypertension Combined With Hypokalemia. Front Pediatr. 2021;8:543309. doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.543309Lu YT, Fan P, Zhang D, et al. Overview of Monogenic Forms of Hypertension Combined With Hypokalemia. Front Pediatr. 2021;8:543309. doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.543309Gartlehner G, Vander Schaaf EB, Orr C, et al. Screening for Hypertension in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2020 Nov. (Evidence Synthesis, No. 193.) Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564973. Accessed on October 7, 2021.Gartlehner G, Vander Schaaf EB, Orr C, et al. Screening for Hypertension in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2020 Nov. (Evidence Synthesis, No. 193.) Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564973. Accessed on October 7, 2021.Erratum Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al. SUBCOMMITTEE ON SCREENING AND MANAGEMENT OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE IN CHILDREN. Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3):e20171904. Pediatrics. 2017;140(6):e20173035. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-3035Erratum Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al. SUBCOMMITTEE ON SCREENING AND MANAGEMENT OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE IN CHILDREN. Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3):e20171904. Pediatrics. 2017;140(6):e20173035. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-3035Misurac J, Nichols KR, Wilson AC. Pharmacologic Management of Pediatric Hypertension. Paediatr Drugs. 2016;18(1):31-43. doi: 10.1007/s40272-015-0151-3Misurac J, Nichols KR, Wilson AC. Pharmacologic Management of Pediatric Hypertension. Paediatr Drugs. 2016;18(1):31-43. doi: 10.1007/s40272-015-0151-3Sorof JM, Cargo P, Graepel J, et al. Beta-blocker/thiazide combination for treatment of hypertensive children: a randomised doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr Nephrol. 2002;17(5):345-350. doi: 10.1007/s00467-002-0851-0Sorof JM, Cargo P, Graepel J, et al. Beta-blocker/thiazide combination for treatment of hypertensive children: a randomised doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr Nephrol. 2002;17(5):345-350. doi: 10.1007/s00467-002-0851-0Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(15):1547-1559. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0801317Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(15):1547-1559. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0801317Parving HH, Brenner BM, McMurray JJ, et al. Cardiorenal end points in a trial of aliskiren for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(23):2204-2213. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1208799Parving HH, Brenner BM, McMurray JJ, et al. Cardiorenal end points in a trial of aliskiren for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(23):2204-2213. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1208799Fried LF, Emanuele N, Zhang JH, et al. Combined angio- tensin inhibition for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(20):1892-1903. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1303154Fried LF, Emanuele N, Zhang JH, et al. Combined angio- tensin inhibition for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(20):1892-1903. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1303154Lubrano R, Soscia F, Elli M, et al. Renal and cardiovascular effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor plus angiotensin II receptor antagonist therapy in children with proteinuria. Pediatrics. 2006;118:e833-e838. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-2053Lubrano R, Soscia F, Elli M, et al. Renal and cardiovascular effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor plus angiotensin II receptor antagonist therapy in children with proteinuria. Pediatrics. 2006;118:e833-e838. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-2053Snauwaert E, Vande Walle J, De Bruyne P Therapeutic efficacy and safety of ACE inhibitors in the hypertensive paediatric population: a review. Arch Dis Child. 2017;102(1):63-71. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-310582Snauwaert E, Vande Walle J, De Bruyne P Therapeutic efficacy and safety of ACE inhibitors in the hypertensive paediatric population: a review. Arch Dis Child. 2017;102(1):63-71. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-310582Schaefer F, van de Walle J, Zurowska A, et al. Candesartan in Children with Hypertension Investigators. Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of candesartan cilexetil in hypertensive children from 1 to less than 6 years of age. J Hypertens. 2010;28:1083-1090. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328336b86bSchaefer F, van de Walle J, Zurowska A, et al. Candesartan in Children with Hypertension Investigators. Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of candesartan cilexetil in hypertensive children from 1 to less than 6 years of age. J Hypertens. 2010;28:1083-1090. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328336b86bFlynn JT, Meyers KE, Neto JP, et al. Efficacy and safety of the angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan in children with hypertension aged 1 to 5 years. Hypertension. 2008;52(2):222-228. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.111054Flynn JT, Meyers KE, Neto JP, et al. Efficacy and safety of the angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan in children with hypertension aged 1 to 5 years. Hypertension. 2008;52(2):222-228. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.111054Siddiqi N, Shatat IF. Antihypertensive agents: a long way to safe drug prescribing in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2020;35(11):2049-2065. doi: 10.1007/s00467-019-04314-7Siddiqi N, Shatat IF. Antihypertensive agents: a long way to safe drug prescribing in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2020;35(11):2049-2065. doi: 10.1007/s00467-019-04314-7Sahney S. A review of calcium channel antagonists in the treatment of pediatric hypertension. Paediatr Drugs. 2006;8(6):357-373. doi: 10.2165/00148581-200608060-00004Sahney S. A review of calcium channel antagonists in the treatment of pediatric hypertension. Paediatr Drugs. 2006;8(6):357-373. doi: 10.2165/00148581-200608060-00004Poirier L, Lacourciere Y. The evolving role of p-adrenergic receptor blockers in managing hypertension. Can J Cardiol. 2012;28(3):334-340. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2012.04.001Poirier L, Lacourciere Y. The evolving role of p-adrenergic receptor blockers in managing hypertension. Can J Cardiol. 2012;28(3):334-340. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2012.04.001Vachek J. The use of moxonidine in the treatment of arterial hypertension. Vnitr Lek. 2021;67(3):170-172.Vachek J. The use of moxonidine in the treatment of arterial hypertension. Vnitr Lek. 2021;67(3):170-172.Леонтьева И.В., Балыкова Л.А., Кудашова А.В. Лечение неотложных состояний (гипертонического криза) у детей с артериальной гипертензией // Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. — 2020. — Т. 65. — № 3. — С. 147-152. doi: 10.21508/1027-4065-2020-65-3-147-152Leontyeva IV, Balykova LA, Kudashova AV. Treatment of emergency conditions (hypertensive crisis) in children with arterial hypertension. Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii = Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics. 2020;65:(3):147-152. (In Russ). doi: 10.21508/1027-4065-2020-65-3-147-152

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.