vspВопросы современной педиатрииCurrent Pediatrics1682-55271682-5535Издательство «ПедиатрЪ»10.15690/vsp.v20i5.2319vsp-2748Research ArticleОБМЕН ОПЫТОМEXCHANGE OF EXPERIENCEСостав микробиоты кожи у детей и его влияние на патогенез акнеSkin Microbiota Content in Children and its Effect on Acne Pathogenesishttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5044-5265КругловаЛ. С.KruglovaLarisa S.

121359, Москва, ул. Маршала Тимошенко, д. 19, стр. 1А.

Moscow.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3437-5233ГрязеваН. В.GryazevaNatalia V.

Грязева Наталья Владимировна - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры дерматовенерологии и косметологии ЦГМА.121359, Москва, ул. Маршала Тимошенко, д. 19, стр. 1А.

Moscow.

tynrik@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4672-697XТамразоваА. В.TamrazovaAnait V.

121359, Москва, ул. Маршала Тимошенко, д. 19, стр. 1А.

Moscow.

Центральная государственная медицинская академияРоссияCentral State Medical AcademyRussian Federation202106112021205430434Copyright © Круглова Л.С., Грязева Н.В., Тамразова А.В., 20212021Круглова Л.С., Грязева Н.В., Тамразова А.В.Kruglova L.S., Gryazeva N.V., Tamrazova A.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vsp.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2748

Акне — распространенное в подростковом возрасте хроническое воспалительное заболевание кожи. Поражение косметически значимых зон неизбежно приводит к снижению качества жизни пациентов. В обзоре рассмотрены современные методы определения микробиоты кожи, описаны видовой состав микроорганизмов у новорожденных и его изменение в ходе взросления человека. Рассмотрено участие в патогенезе акне микроорганизмов Cutibacterium acnes, доминирующих в микробиоте тех областей кожи, в которых преобладают сальные железы.

Acne is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease in adolescence. The involvement of cosmetically important zones inevitably leads to decrease in our patients' quality of life. This review considers modern methods of skin microbiota analysis, describes the microorganisms' composition in newborns and its changes during growing-up. Cutibacterium acnes (that dominates in the microbiota of skin areas with sebaceous glands) role in acne pathogenesis is described.

акнемикробиоммикробиотаCutibacterium acnesгеномсеквенированиеacnemicrobiomemicrobiotaCutibacterium acnesgenomesequencingНе указан.Not specified.ReferencesGollnick H, Cunliffe W, Berson D, et al. Management of acne: a report from a Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49(Suppl 1):S1-S37. doi: 10.1067/mjd.2003.618Gollnick H, Cunliffe W, Berson D, et al. Management of acne: a report from a Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49(Suppl 1):S1-S37. doi: 10.1067/mjd.2003.618Gao Z, Tseng CH, Pei Z, Blaser MJ. Molecular analysis of human forearm superficial skin bacterial biota. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104(8):2927-2932. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0607077104Gao Z, Tseng CH, Pei Z, Blaser MJ. Molecular analysis of human forearm superficial skin bacterial biota. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104(8):2927-2932. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0607077104Chuah SY, Goh CL. The Impact of Post-Acne Scars on the Quality of Life Among Young Adults in Singapore. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2015;8(3):153-158. doi: 10.4103/0974-2077.167272Chuah SY, Goh CL. The Impact of Post-Acne Scars on the Quality of Life Among Young Adults in Singapore. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2015;8(3):153-158. doi: 10.4103/0974-2077.167272Agak GW, Kao S, Ouyang K, et al. Phenotype and Antimicrobial Activity of Th17 Cells Induced by Propionibacterium acnes Strains Associated with Healthy and Acne Skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138(2):316-324. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.842Agak GW, Kao S, Ouyang K, et al. Phenotype and Antimicrobial Activity of Th17 Cells Induced by Propionibacterium acnes Strains Associated with Healthy and Acne Skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138(2):316-324. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.842Fitz-Gibbon S, Tomida S, Chiu BH, et al. Propionibacterium acnes strain populations in the human skin microbiome associated with acne. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(9):2152-2160. doi: 10.1038/jid.2013.21Fitz-Gibbon S, Tomida S, Chiu BH, et al. Propionibacterium acnes strain populations in the human skin microbiome associated with acne. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(9):2152-2160. doi: 10.1038/jid.2013.21Barnard E, Shi B, Kang D, Craft N, Li H. The balance of metagenomic elements shapes the skin microbiome in acne and health. Sci Rep 2016;6:39491. doi: 10.1038/srep39491Barnard E, Shi B, Kang D, Craft N, Li H. The balance of metagenomic elements shapes the skin microbiome in acne and health. Sci Rep 2016;6:39491. doi: 10.1038/srep39491Achermann Y, Goldstein EJ, Coenye T, Shirtliff ME. Propionibacterium acnes: From commensal to opportunistic biofilm-associated implant pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(3):419-440. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00092-13Achermann Y, Goldstein EJ, Coenye T, Shirtliff ME. Propionibacterium acnes: From commensal to opportunistic biofilm-associated implant pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(3):419-440. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00092-13Fercek I, Lugovic-Mihic L, Tambic-Andrasevic A, et al. Features of the Skin Microbiota in Common Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Life (Basel). 2021;11(9):962. Published 2021 Sep 14. doi: 10.3390/life11090962Fercek I, Lugovic-Mihic L, Tambic-Andrasevic A, et al. Features of the Skin Microbiota in Common Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Life (Basel). 2021;11(9):962. Published 2021 Sep 14. doi: 10.3390/life11090962Gaitanis G, Magiatis P, Hantschke M, Bassukas ID, Velegraki A. The Malassezia genus in skin and systemic diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25(1):106-141. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00021-1Gaitanis G, Magiatis P, Hantschke M, Bassukas ID, Velegraki A. The Malassezia genus in skin and systemic diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25(1):106-141. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00021-1Dekio I, Hayashi H, Sakamoto M, et al. Detection of potentially novel bacterial components of the human skin microbiota using culture-independent molecular profiling. J Med Microbiol. 2005;54(Pt 12):1231-1238. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.46075-0Dekio I, Hayashi H, Sakamoto M, et al. Detection of potentially novel bacterial components of the human skin microbiota using culture-independent molecular profiling. J Med Microbiol. 2005;54(Pt 12):1231-1238. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.46075-0Leyden JJ, McGinley KJ, Nordstrom KM, Webster GF. Skin microflora. J Invest Dermatol. 1987;88(3 Suppl):65s-72s. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12468965Leyden JJ, McGinley KJ, Nordstrom KM, Webster GF. Skin microflora. J Invest Dermatol. 1987;88(3 Suppl):65s-72s. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12468965Ma Y, Madupu R, Karaoz U, et al. Human papillomavirus community in healthy persons, defined by metagenomics analysis of human microbiome project shotgun sequencing data sets. J Virol. 2014;88(9):4786-4797. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00093-14Ma Y, Madupu R, Karaoz U, et al. Human papillomavirus community in healthy persons, defined by metagenomics analysis of human microbiome project shotgun sequencing data sets. J Virol. 2014;88(9):4786-4797. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00093-14Foulongne V, Sauvage V, Hebert C, et al. Human skin microbiota: high diversity of DNA viruses identified on the human skin by high throughput sequencing. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e38499. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038499Foulongne V, Sauvage V, Hebert C, et al. Human skin microbiota: high diversity of DNA viruses identified on the human skin by high throughput sequencing. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e38499. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038499Hall JB, Cong Z, Imamura-Kawasawa Y, et al. Isolation and Identification of the Follicular Microbiome: Implications for Acne Research. J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138(9):2033-2040. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.02.038Hall JB, Cong Z, Imamura-Kawasawa Y, et al. Isolation and Identification of the Follicular Microbiome: Implications for Acne Research. J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138(9):2033-2040. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.02.038Clooney AG, Fouhy F, Sleator RD, et al. Comparing Apples and Oranges?: Next Generation Sequencing and Its Impact on Microbiome Analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0148028. Published 2016 Feb 5. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148028Clooney AG, Fouhy F, Sleator RD, et al. Comparing Apples and Oranges?: Next Generation Sequencing and Its Impact on Microbiome Analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0148028. Published 2016 Feb 5. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148028Kong HH, Andersson B, Clavel T, et al. Performing Skin Microbiome Research: A Method to the Madness. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137(3):561-568. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.10.033Kong HH, Andersson B, Clavel T, et al. Performing Skin Microbiome Research: A Method to the Madness. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137(3):561-568. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.10.033Leiby JS, McCormick K, Sherrill-Mix S, et al. Lack of detection of a human placenta microbiome in samples from preterm and term deliveries. Microbiome. 2018;6(1):196. Published 2018 Oct 30. doi: 10.1186/s40168-018-0575-4Leiby JS, McCormick K, Sherrill-Mix S, et al. Lack of detection of a human placenta microbiome in samples from preterm and term deliveries. Microbiome. 2018;6(1):196. Published 2018 Oct 30. doi: 10.1186/s40168-018-0575-4Dunn AB, Jordan S, Baker BJ, Carlson NS. The Maternal Infant Microbiome: Considerations for Labor and Birth. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2017;42(6):318-325. doi: 10.1097/NMC.0000000000000373Dunn AB, Jordan S, Baker BJ, Carlson NS. The Maternal Infant Microbiome: Considerations for Labor and Birth. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2017;42(6):318-325. doi: 10.1097/NMC.0000000000000373Montoya-Williams D, Lemas DJ, Spiryda L, et al. The Neonatal Microbiome and Its Partial Role in Mediating the Association between Birth by Cesarean Section and Adverse Pediatric Outcomes. Neonatology. 2018;114(2):103-111. doi: 10.1159/000487102Montoya-Williams D, Lemas DJ, Spiryda L, et al. The Neonatal Microbiome and Its Partial Role in Mediating the Association between Birth by Cesarean Section and Adverse Pediatric Outcomes. Neonatology. 2018;114(2):103-111. doi: 10.1159/000487102Ward TL, Dominguez-Bello MG, Heisel T, Al-Ghalith G, Knights D, Gale CA. Development of the Human Mycobiome over the First Month of Life and across Body Sites. mSystems. 2018;3(3):e00140-17. Published 2018 Mar 6. doi: 10.1128/mSystems.00140-17Ward TL, Dominguez-Bello MG, Heisel T, Al-Ghalith G, Knights D, Gale CA. Development of the Human Mycobiome over the First Month of Life and across Body Sites. mSystems. 2018;3(3):e00140-17. Published 2018 Mar 6. doi: 10.1128/mSystems.00140-17Dominguez-Bello MG, De Jesus-Laboy KM, Shen N, et al. Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer. Nat Med. 2016;22(3):250-253. doi: 10.1038/nm.4039Dominguez-Bello MG, De Jesus-Laboy KM, Shen N, et al. Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer. Nat Med. 2016;22(3):250-253. doi: 10.1038/nm.4039Younge NE, Araujo-Perez F, Brandon D, Seed PC. Early-life skin microbiota in hospitalized preterm and full-term infants. Microbiome. 2018;6:98. doi: 10.1186/s40168-018-0486-4Younge NE, Araujo-Perez F, Brandon D, Seed PC. Early-life skin microbiota in hospitalized preterm and full-term infants. Microbiome. 2018;6:98. doi: 10.1186/s40168-018-0486-4Nikolovski J, Stamatas GN, Kollias N, Wiegand BC. Barrier function and water-holding and transport properties of infant stratum corneum are different from adult and continue to develop through the first year of life. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128(7):1728-1736. doi: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701239Nikolovski J, Stamatas GN, Kollias N, Wiegand BC. Barrier function and water-holding and transport properties of infant stratum corneum are different from adult and continue to develop through the first year of life. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128(7):1728-1736. doi: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701239Underwood MA, Sohn K. The Microbiota of the Extremely Preterm Infant. Clin Perinatol. 2017;44(2):407-427. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2017.01.005Underwood MA, Sohn K. The Microbiota of the Extremely Preterm Infant. Clin Perinatol. 2017;44(2):407-427. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2017.01.005O'Neill CA, Monteleone G, McLaughlin JT, Paus R. The gut skin axis in health and disease: A paradigm with therapeutic implications. Bioessays. 2016;38(11):1167-1176. doi: 10.1002/bies.201600008O'Neill CA, Monteleone G, McLaughlin JT, Paus R. The gut skin axis in health and disease: A paradigm with therapeutic implications. Bioessays. 2016;38(11):1167-1176. doi: 10.1002/bies.201600008Byrd AL, Belkaid Y, Segre JA. The human skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018;16(3):143-155. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.157Byrd AL, Belkaid Y, Segre JA. The human skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018;16(3):143-155. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.157Hannigan GD, Meisel JS, Tyldsley AS, et al. The human skin double-stranded DNA virome: topographical and temporal diversity, genetic enrichment, and dynamic associations with the host microbiome. mBio. 2015;6(5):e01578-15. Published 2015 Oct 20. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01578-15Hannigan GD, Meisel JS, Tyldsley AS, et al. The human skin double-stranded DNA virome: topographical and temporal diversity, genetic enrichment, and dynamic associations with the host microbiome. mBio. 2015;6(5):e01578-15. Published 2015 Oct 20. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01578-15Jo JH, Deming C, Kennedy EA, et al. Diverse Human Skin Fungal Communities in Children Converge in Adulthood. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136(12):2356-2363. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.130Jo JH, Deming C, Kennedy EA, et al. Diverse Human Skin Fungal Communities in Children Converge in Adulthood. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136(12):2356-2363. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.130Mukherjee S, Mitra R, Maitra A, et al. Sebum and Hydration Levels in Specific Regions of Human Face Significantly Predict the Nature and Diversity of Facial Skin Microbiome. Sci Rep. 2016;6:36062. Published 2016 Oct 27. doi: 10.1038/srep36062Mukherjee S, Mitra R, Maitra A, et al. Sebum and Hydration Levels in Specific Regions of Human Face Significantly Predict the Nature and Diversity of Facial Skin Microbiome. Sci Rep. 2016;6:36062. Published 2016 Oct 27. doi: 10.1038/srep36062Chu DM, Ma J, Prince AL, Antony KM, Seferovic MD, Aagaard KM. Maturation of the infant microbiome community structure and function across multiple body sites and in relation to mode of delivery. Nat Med. 2017;23(3):314-326. doi: 10.1038/nm.4272Chu DM, Ma J, Prince AL, Antony KM, Seferovic MD, Aagaard KM. Maturation of the infant microbiome community structure and function across multiple body sites and in relation to mode of delivery. Nat Med. 2017;23(3):314-326. doi: 10.1038/nm.4272Shi B, Bangayan NJ, Curd E, et al. The skin microbiome is different in pediatric versus adult atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(4):1233-1236. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.053Shi B, Bangayan NJ, Curd E, et al. The skin microbiome is different in pediatric versus adult atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(4):1233-1236. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.053Oh J, Freeman AF; NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, et al. The altered landscape of the human skin microbiome in patients with primary immunodeficiencies. Genome Res. 2013;23(12):2103-2114. doi: 10.1101/gr.159467.113Oh J, Freeman AF; NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, et al. The altered landscape of the human skin microbiome in patients with primary immunodeficiencies. Genome Res. 2013;23(12):2103-2114. doi: 10.1101/gr.159467.113Lee YB, Byun EJ, Kim HS. Potential Role of the Microbiome in Acne: A Comprehensive Review. J Clin Med. 2019;8(7):987. Published 2019 Jul 7. doi: 10.3390/jcm8070987Lee YB, Byun EJ, Kim HS. Potential Role of the Microbiome in Acne: A Comprehensive Review. J Clin Med. 2019;8(7):987. Published 2019 Jul 7. doi: 10.3390/jcm8070987Nakamura K, O'Neill AM, Williams MR, et al. Short chain fatty acids produced by Cutibacterium acnes inhibit biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):21237. Published 2020 Dec 4. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77790-9Nakamura K, O'Neill AM, Williams MR, et al. Short chain fatty acids produced by Cutibacterium acnes inhibit biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):21237. Published 2020 Dec 4. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77790-9Kelhala HL, Aho VTE, Fyhrquist N, et al. Isotretinoin and lymecycline treatments modify the skin microbiota in acne. Exp Dermatol. 2018;27(1):30-36. doi: 10.1111/exd.13397Kelhala HL, Aho VTE, Fyhrquist N, et al. Isotretinoin and lymecycline treatments modify the skin microbiota in acne. Exp Dermatol. 2018;27(1):30-36. doi: 10.1111/exd.13397Agak GW, Qin M, Nobe J, et al. Propionibacterium acnes Induces an IL-17 Response in Acne Vulgaris that Is Regulated by Vitamin A and Vitamin D. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134(2):366-373. doi: 10.1038/jid.2013.334Agak GW, Qin M, Nobe J, et al. Propionibacterium acnes Induces an IL-17 Response in Acne Vulgaris that Is Regulated by Vitamin A and Vitamin D. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134(2):366-373. doi: 10.1038/jid.2013.334Yu Y, Champer J, Agak GW, Kao S, Modlin RL, Kim J. Different Propionibacterium acnes Phylotypes Induce Distinct Immune Responses and Express Unique Surface and Secreted Proteomes. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136(11):2221-2228. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.06.615Yu Y, Champer J, Agak GW, Kao S, Modlin RL, Kim J. Different Propionibacterium acnes Phylotypes Induce Distinct Immune Responses and Express Unique Surface and Secreted Proteomes. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136(11):2221-2228. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.06.615McCoy WH 4th, Otchere E, Rosa BA, Martin J, Mann CM, Mitreva M. Skin Ecology during Sebaceous Drought-How Skin Microbes Respond to Isotretinoin. J Invest Dermatol. 2019;139(3):732-735. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.09.023McCoy WH 4th, Otchere E, Rosa BA, Martin J, Mann CM, Mitreva M. Skin Ecology during Sebaceous Drought-How Skin Microbes Respond to Isotretinoin. J Invest Dermatol. 2019;139(3):732-735. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.09.023Lumsden KR, Nelson AM, Dispenza MC, et al. Isotretinoin increases skin-surface levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in patients treated for severe acne. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(2):302-310. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10362.xLumsden KR, Nelson AM, Dispenza MC, et al. Isotretinoin increases skin-surface levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in patients treated for severe acne. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(2):302-310. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10362.xBni R, Nehrhoff B. Treatment of gram-negative folliculitis in patients with acne. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(4):273-276. doi: 10.2165/00128071-200304040-00005Bni R, Nehrhoff B. Treatment of gram-negative folliculitis in patients with acne. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(4):273-276. doi: 10.2165/00128071-200304040-00005Belkaid Y, Tamoutounour S. The influence of skin microorganisms on cutaneous immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16(6):353-366. doi: 10.1038/nri.2016.48Belkaid Y, Tamoutounour S. The influence of skin microorganisms on cutaneous immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16(6):353-366. doi: 10.1038/nri.2016.48Swamy M, Jamora C, Havran W, Hayday A. Epithelial decision makers: in search of the ‘epimmunome'. Nat Immunol. 2010;11(8):656-665. doi: 10.1038/ni.1905Swamy M, Jamora C, Havran W, Hayday A. Epithelial decision makers: in search of the ‘epimmunome'. Nat Immunol. 2010;11(8):656-665. doi: 10.1038/ni.1905Deng Z, Chen M, Xie H, et al. Claudin reduction may relate to an impaired skin barrier in rosacea. J Dermatol. 2019;46(4):314-321. doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.14792Deng Z, Chen M, Xie H, et al. Claudin reduction may relate to an impaired skin barrier in rosacea. J Dermatol. 2019;46(4):314-321. doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.14792Muizzuddin N, Maher W, Sullivan M, Schnittger S, Mammone T. Physiological effect of a probiotic on skin. J Cosmet Sci. 2012;63(6):385-395.Muizzuddin N, Maher W, Sullivan M, Schnittger S, Mammone T. Physiological effect of a probiotic on skin. J Cosmet Sci. 2012;63(6):385-395.Gueniche A, Benyacoub J, Philippe D, et al. Lactobacillus para-casei CNCM I-2116 (ST11) inhibits substance P-induced skin inflammation and accelerates skin barrier function recovery in vitro. Eur J Dermatol. 2010;20(6):731-737. doi: 10.1684/ejd.2010.1108Gueniche A, Benyacoub J, Philippe D, et al. Lactobacillus para-casei CNCM I-2116 (ST11) inhibits substance P-induced skin inflammation and accelerates skin barrier function recovery in vitro. Eur J Dermatol. 2010;20(6):731-737. doi: 10.1684/ejd.2010.1108Breton A, Novikov A, Martin R, Tissieres P, Caroff M. Structural and biological characteristics of different forms of V. filiformis lipid A: use of MS to highlight structural discrepancies. J Lipid Res. 2017;58(3):543-552. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M072900Breton A, Novikov A, Martin R, Tissieres P, Caroff M. Structural and biological characteristics of different forms of V. filiformis lipid A: use of MS to highlight structural discrepancies. J Lipid Res. 2017;58(3):543-552. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M072900Kober MM, Bowe WP. The effect of probiotics on immune regulation, acne, and photoaging. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2015;1(2):85-89. Published 2015 Apr 6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2015.02.001Kober MM, Bowe WP. The effect of probiotics on immune regulation, acne, and photoaging. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2015;1(2):85-89. Published 2015 Apr 6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2015.02.001Wang Y, Kuo S, Shu M, et al. Staphylococcus epidermidis in the human skin microbiome mediates fermentation to inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes: implications of probiotics in acne vulgaris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2014;98(1):411-424. doi: 10.1007/s00253-013-5394-8Wang Y, Kuo S, Shu M, et al. Staphylococcus epidermidis in the human skin microbiome mediates fermentation to inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes: implications of probiotics in acne vulgaris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2014;98(1):411-424. doi: 10.1007/s00253-013-5394-8Oh S, Kim SH, Ko Y, et al. Effect of bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus sp. HY 449 on skin-inflammatory bacteria. Food Chem Toxicol. 2006;44(8):1184-1190. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.08.008Oh S, Kim SH, Ko Y, et al. Effect of bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus sp. HY 449 on skin-inflammatory bacteria. Food Chem Toxicol. 2006;44(8):1184-1190. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.08.008Kang BS, Seo JG, Lee GS, et al. Antimicrobial activity of enterocins from Enterococcus faecalis SL-5 against Propionibacterium acnes, the causative agent in acne vulgaris, and its therapeutic effect. J Microbiol. 2009;47(1):101-109. doi: 10.1007/s12275-008-0179-yKang BS, Seo JG, Lee GS, et al. Antimicrobial activity of enterocins from Enterococcus faecalis SL-5 against Propionibacterium acnes, the causative agent in acne vulgaris, and its therapeutic effect. J Microbiol. 2009;47(1):101-109. doi: 10.1007/s12275-008-0179-yKim J, Ko Y, Park YK, Kim NI, Ha WK, Cho Y. Dietary effect of lactoferrin-enriched fermented milk on skin surface lipid and clinical improvement of acne vulgaris. Nutrition. 2010;26(9):902-909. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.05.011Kim J, Ko Y, Park YK, Kim NI, Ha WK, Cho Y. Dietary effect of lactoferrin-enriched fermented milk on skin surface lipid and clinical improvement of acne vulgaris. Nutrition. 2010;26(9):902-909. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.05.011Bowe WP, Logan AC. Acne vulgaris, probiotics and the gut-brainskin axis — back to the future? Gut Pathog. 2011;3(1):1. Published 2011 Jan 31. doi: 10.1186/1757-4749-3-1Bowe WP, Logan AC. Acne vulgaris, probiotics and the gut-brainskin axis — back to the future? Gut Pathog. 2011;3(1):1. Published 2011 Jan 31. doi: 10.1186/1757-4749-3-1Gueniche A, Philippe D, Bastien P, et al. Randomised doubleblind placebo-controlled study of the effect of Lactobacillus paracasei NCC 2461 on skin reactivity. Benef Microbes. 2014;5(2):137-145. doi: 10.3920/BM2013.0001Gueniche A, Philippe D, Bastien P, et al. Randomised doubleblind placebo-controlled study of the effect of Lactobacillus paracasei NCC 2461 on skin reactivity. Benef Microbes. 2014;5(2):137-145. doi: 10.3920/BM2013.0001Krutmann J. Pre- and probiotics for human skin. Clin Plast Surg. 2012;39(1):59-64. doi: 10.1016/j.cps.2011.09.009Krutmann J. Pre- and probiotics for human skin. Clin Plast Surg. 2012;39(1):59-64. doi: 10.1016/j.cps.2011.09.009Spanogiannopoulos P, Bess EN, Carmody RN, Turnbaugh PJ. The microbial pharmacists within us: A metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016;14(5):273-287. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.17Spanogiannopoulos P, Bess EN, Carmody RN, Turnbaugh PJ. The microbial pharmacists within us: A metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016;14(5):273-287. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.17Guthrie L, Gupta S, Daily J, et al. Human microbiome signatures of differential colorectal cancer drug metabolism. npj Biofilms Microbiomes. 2017;3:27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-017-0034-1Guthrie L, Gupta S, Daily J, et al. Human microbiome signatures of differential colorectal cancer drug metabolism. npj Biofilms Microbiomes. 2017;3:27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-017-0034-1

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.