vspВопросы современной педиатрииCurrent Pediatrics1682-55271682-5535Издательство «ПедиатрЪ»10.15690/vsp.v12i4.726vsp-300Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫLITERATURE REVIEWСОВРЕМЕННЫЙ ВЗГЛЯД НА МИКРОБИОЦЕНОЗ, ИММУННЫЙ ОТВЕТ И ФАКТОРЫ, ВЛИЯЮЩИЕ НА ИХ ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ. ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ И ПРИКЛАДНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫModern View on Microbiocenosis, Immune Response and Factors Influencing on Their Formation. Fundamental and Applied AspectsБогдановаН. М.BogdanovaN. M.

Bogdanova Natal’ya Mikhailovna, MD, assistant professor of the Department of Propedeutics of Child Diseases >

natasha.bogdanov@mail.ruБулатоваЕ. М.BulatovaE. M.natasha.bogdanov@mail.ruВасиаМ. В.WasiaM. N.natasha.bogdanov@mail.ruСанкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университетРоссияSt. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Russian FederationRussian FederationСанкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет,РоссияSt. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Russian FederationRussian Federation201312072013124Вопросы современной педиатрии1825Copyright © Богданова Н.М., Булатова Е.М., Васиа М.В., 20132013Богданова Н.М., Булатова Е.М., Васиа М.В.Bogdanova N.M., Bulatova E.M., Wasia M.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vsp.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/300

В обзоре современной литературы обобщены результаты научных исследований о составе интестинальной микробиоты как у взрослого человека, так и у младенца. Показано, что вся интестинальная микробиота взрослого включает 395 филогенетически обособленных групп микроорганизмов, из которых 244 являются абсолютно новыми. На основании метода РНК-секвенирования генов выделены наиболее часто встречающиеся у европейцев энтеротипы. Продемонстрировано, что у взрослого индивидуума видовой состав интестинальной микробиоты уникален и стабилен, и что основой становления кишечного микробиома служит генетический фон макроорганизма. Освещены особенности формирования микробиоценоза на ранних этапах онтогенеза. Подчеркнуто, что преобладание «младенческих» видов бифидобактерий в составе интестинальной микробиоты у детей на естественном вскармливании обусловлено наличием в грудном молоке определенных питательных субстратов — олигосахаридов грудного молока, относящихся к природным пребиотикам. Обозначены критерии, которым должен соответствовать пищевой ингредиент, чтобы он мог быть отнесен к группе пребиотиков. Представлены новые экспериментальные и клинические данные о влиянии пребиотиков на разные уровни иммунологической защиты.

 

This review of current literature summarizes results of scientific studies on the structure of the intestinal microbiota both of adults and infants. It is shown, that all intestinal microbiota of an adult consists of 395 phylogenetically isolated groups of microorganisms, among them 244 are absolutely new. Based on the RNA-sequencing of genes the most common among Caucasians enterotypes were detected. It was demonstrated, that specific structure of intestinal microbiota of an adult individual is unique and stable and that genetic background of the macroorganism is a base of intestinal microbiome formation. The article covers the issues of special characteristics of microbiocenosis development at the early stages of ontogenesis. It is emphasized, that prevalence of «infantile» species of bifidobacteria in the structure of intestinal microbiota of breast-fed infants is due to the presence of certain nutritive substances in the milk: oligosaccharides of the breast milk, which are natural prebiotics. The authors give criteria for including the nutrients into the group of prebiotics and show new experimental and clinical data on influence of prebiotics on different levels of immunological defense system.

Key words: intestinal microbiota, enterotypes, prebiotics, oligosaccharides, inulin, immune response.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.