vspВопросы современной педиатрииCurrent Pediatrics1682-55271682-5535Издательство «ПедиатрЪ»10.15690/vsp.v23i1.2706vsp-3395Research ArticleСИСТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОРSYSTEMATIC REVIEWСвязь между кишечной микробиотой младенцев и их нервно-психическим развитием: систематическое обзорное исследование литературы по методологии scoping reviewAssociation between Intestinal Microbiota in Infants and their Neurodevelopment: Systematic Literature Review on Scoping Review Methodologyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3822-796XМалыгинаО. Г.MalyginaOlga G.

Архангельск

Arkhangelsk

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5346-3047УсынинаА. А.UsyninaAnna A.

Усынина Анна Александровна, доктор медицинских наук, доцент, заведующая кафедрой неонатологии и перинатологии 

163000, Архангельск, пр. Троицкий, 51

тел.: +7 (8182) 20-75-80

Arkhangelsk

perinat@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3414-6772МакароваА. А.MakarovaAnna A.

Архангельск

Arkhangelsk

Северный государственный медицинский университетРоссияNorthern State Medical UniversityRussian Federation2024250220242311320Copyright © Малыгина О.Г., Усынина А.А., Макарова А.А., 20242024Малыгина О.Г., Усынина А.А., Макарова А.А.Malygina O.G., Usynina A.A., Makarova A.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vsp.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/3395

Обоснование. Долгосрочные эффекты микрофлоры толстой кишки или ее нарушений на здоровье человека остаются во многом неизученными. В частности, по-прежнему актуален вопрос связи кишечной микробиоты новорожденных и детей первых месяцев жизни с их нервно-психическим развитием в будущем. Цель исследования — провести систематическое обобщение результатов исследований связи микробиоты толстой кишки (ее видового состава в норме и при нарушениях) у новорожденных и детей первых месяцев жизни и их нервно-психического развития до достижения возраста 1 года. Методы. Поиск публикаций выполнен в базах данных Medline, Web of Science (WoS), Научная электронная библиотека (eLIBRARY.RU) и КиберЛенинка. Период публикации работ — с января 2001 по май 2022 г. (по декабрь 2021 г. в WoS). В обзор включали исследования, в которых изучали связь микробиоты толстой кишки новорожденных и детей первых месяцев жизни с их нервно-психическим развитием в возрасте до 1 года, наличием патологии нервной системы, нарушениями поведения и/или эмоциональной сферы. Язык публикации: русский, английский. Результаты. В обзор включены сведения из 9 исследований. Обобщены данные о связи микробиоты кишечника (ее состава и/или количества микроорганизмов) с нервно-психическим развитием в раннем возрасте. Заключение. Микробиота толстой кишки младенцев расценивается как новый неинвазивный биомаркер их нервнопсихического развития. Различия в дизайне опубликованных оригинальных исследований, включенных в систематическое обзорное исследование литературы, не позволяют оценить значение отдельных компонентов микробиоты для нервно-психического развития ребенка.

Background. The long-term effects of large intestine microbiota or its disorders on human health remain largely unexplored. Particularly the issue of an association between the intestinal microbiota in newborns and infants with their further neurodevelopment remains unclear. Objective. The aim of the study is to systematically summarize studies' results on the association of large intestine microbiota (its normal composition and in case of any disorders) in newborns and infants and their neurodevelopment until the age of 1 year. Methods. The search of publications was performed in the following databases: Medline, Web of Science (WoS), Scientific electronic library (eLIBRARY.RU), and CyberLeninka. The publication period was dated from January 2001 to May 2022 (until December 2021 for WoS). The review included studies that examined the an association of large intestine microbiota in newborns and infants with their neurodevelopment until the age of 1 year, the presence of nervous system pathology, behavioral and/or emotional disorders. Languages of analyzed publications were Russian and English. Results. The review includes data from 9 studies. Data on the association of the intestine microbiota (its composition and/or the number of microorganisms) with neurodevelopment at the early age is summarized. Conclusion. Large intestine microbiota of infants is regarded as new non-invasive biomarker of their neurodevelopment. Differences in the design of published original studies included in the systematic literature review do not allow us to assess the role of individual microbiota components in infant’s neurodevelopment.

кишечная микробиотамикробиота толстой кишкимладенецневрологическое развитиеноворожденныйscoping reviewgut microbiotalarge intestine microbiotainfantneurodevelopmentnewbornscoping reviewОтсутствуетNot specified.ReferencesJiménez E, Marín ML, Martín R, et al. Is meconium from healthy newborns actually sterile? Res Microbiol. 2008;159(3):187–193. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2007.12.007Jiménez E, Marín ML, Martín R, et al. Is meconium from healthy newborns actually sterile? Res Microbiol. 2008;159(3):187–193. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2007.12.007Morais J, Marques C, Teixeira D, et al. Extremely preterm neonates have more Lactobacillus in meconium than very preterm neonates — the in uteromicrobial colonization hypothesis. Gut Microbes. 2020;12(1):1785804. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2020.1785804Morais J, Marques C, Teixeira D, et al. Extremely preterm neonates have more Lactobacillus in meconium than very preterm neonates — the in uteromicrobial colonization hypothesis. Gut Microbes. 2020;12(1):1785804. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2020.1785804Ferretti P, Pasolli E, Tett A, et al. Mother-to-Infant Microbial Transmission from Different Body Sites Shapes the Developing Infant Gut Microbiome. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;24(1):133–145.e5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2018.06.005Ferretti P, Pasolli E, Tett A, et al. Mother-to-Infant Microbial Transmission from Different Body Sites Shapes the Developing Infant Gut Microbiome. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;24(1):133–145.e5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2018.06.005Grech A, Collins CE, Holmes A, et al. Maternal exposures and the infant gut microbiome: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Gut Microbes. 2021;13(1):1–30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2021.1897210Grech A, Collins CE, Holmes A, et al. Maternal exposures and the infant gut microbiome: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Gut Microbes. 2021;13(1):1–30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2021.1897210D’Agata AL, Wu J, Welandawe MKV, et al. Effects of early life NICU stress on the developing gut microbiome. Dev Psychobiol. 2019;61(5):650–660. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21826D’Agata AL, Wu J, Welandawe MKV, et al. Effects of early life NICU stress on the developing gut microbiome. Dev Psychobiol. 2019;61(5):650–660. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21826Collado MC, Isolauri E, Laitinen K, Salminen S. Effect of mother’s weight on infant’s microbiota acquisition, composition, and activity during early infancy: a prospective follow-up study initiated in early pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(5):1023–1030. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2010.29877Collado MC, Isolauri E, Laitinen K, Salminen S. Effect of mother’s weight on infant’s microbiota acquisition, composition, and activity during early infancy: a prospective follow-up study initiated in early pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(5):1023–1030. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2010.29877Lundgren SN, Madan JC, Emond JA, et al. Maternal diet during pregnancy is related with the infant stool microbiome in a delivery mode-dependent manner. Microbiome. 2018;6(1):109. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-018-0490-8Lundgren SN, Madan JC, Emond JA, et al. Maternal diet during pregnancy is related with the infant stool microbiome in a delivery mode-dependent manner. Microbiome. 2018;6(1):109. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-018-0490-8Fan HY, Tung YT, Yang YSH, et al. Maternal Vegetable and Fruit Consumption during Pregnancy and Its Effects on Infant Gut Microbiome. Nutrients. 2021;13(5):1559. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051559Fan HY, Tung YT, Yang YSH, et al. Maternal Vegetable and Fruit Consumption during Pregnancy and Its Effects on Infant Gut Microbiome. Nutrients. 2021;13(5):1559. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051559Chu DM, Antony KM, Ma J, et al. The early infant gut microbiome varies in association with a maternal high-fat diet. Genome Med. 2016;8(1):77. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-016-0330-zChu DM, Antony KM, Ma J, et al. The early infant gut microbiome varies in association with a maternal high-fat diet. Genome Med. 2016;8(1):77. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-016-0330-zKorpela K, Blakstad EW, Moltu SJ, et al. Intestinal microbiota development and gestational age in preterm neonates. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20827-xKorpela K, Blakstad EW, Moltu SJ, et al. Intestinal microbiota development and gestational age in preterm neonates. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20827-xHill CJ, Lynch DB, Murphy K, et al. Evolution of gut microbiota composition from birth to 24 weeks in the INFANTMET Cohort. Micro biome. 2017;5(1):4. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-016-0213-yHill CJ, Lynch DB, Murphy K, et al. Evolution of gut microbiota composition from birth to 24 weeks in the INFANTMET Cohort. Micro biome. 2017;5(1):4. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-016-0213-yPenders J, Thijs C, Vink C, et al. Factors influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy. Pediatrics. 2006; 118(2):511–521. doi: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-2824Penders J, Thijs C, Vink C, et al. Factors influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy. Pediatrics. 2006; 118(2):511–521. doi: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-2824Azad MB, Konya T, Maughan H, et al. Gut microbiota of healthy Canadian infants: profiles by mode of delivery and infant diet at 4 months. CMAJ. 2013;185(5):385–394. doi: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.121189Azad MB, Konya T, Maughan H, et al. Gut microbiota of healthy Canadian infants: profiles by mode of delivery and infant diet at 4 months. CMAJ. 2013;185(5):385–394. doi: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.121189Wang M, Li M, Wu S, et al. Fecal microbiota composition of breast-fed infants is correlated with human milk oligosaccharides consumed. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015;60(6):825–833. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000000752Wang M, Li M, Wu S, et al. Fecal microbiota composition of breast-fed infants is correlated with human milk oligosaccharides consumed. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015;60(6):825–833. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000000752Tanaka S, Kobayashi T, Songjinda P, et al. Influence of antibiotic exposure in the early postnatal period on the development of intestinal microbiota. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2009;56(1):80–87. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2009.00553.xTanaka S, Kobayashi T, Songjinda P, et al. Influence of antibiotic exposure in the early postnatal period on the development of intestinal microbiota. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2009;56(1):80–87. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2009.00553.xReyman M, van Houten MA, Watson RL, et al. Effects of early-life antibiotics on the developing infant gut microbiome and resistome: a randomized trial. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):893. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28525-zReyman M, van Houten MA, Watson RL, et al. Effects of early-life antibiotics on the developing infant gut microbiome and resistome: a randomized trial. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):893. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28525-zBorre YE, O’Keeffe GW, Clarke G, et al. Microbiota and neurodevelopmental windows: implications for brain disorders. Trends Mol Med. 2014;20(9):509–518. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2014.05.002Borre YE, O’Keeffe GW, Clarke G, et al. Microbiota and neurodevelopmental windows: implications for brain disorders. Trends Mol Med. 2014;20(9):509–518. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2014.05.002Warner BB. The contribution of the gut microbiome to neurodevelopment and neuropsychiatric disorders. Pediatr Res. 2019; 85(2):216–224. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-018-0191-9Warner BB. The contribution of the gut microbiome to neurodevelopment and neuropsychiatric disorders. Pediatr Res. 2019; 85(2):216–224. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-018-0191-9Cryan JF, O’Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, et al. The Microbiota-GutBrain Axis. Physiol Rev. 2019;99(4):1877–2013. doi: https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00018.2018Cryan JF, O’Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, et al. The Microbiota-GutBrain Axis. Physiol Rev. 2019;99(4):1877–2013. doi: https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00018.2018Laue HE, Coker MO, Madan JC. The Developing Microbiome From Birth to 3 Years: The Gut-Brain Axis and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:815885. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.815885Laue HE, Coker MO, Madan JC. The Developing Microbiome From Birth to 3 Years: The Gut-Brain Axis and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:815885. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.815885Han W, Tellez LA, Perkins MH, et al. A Neural Circuit for Gut-Induced Reward. Cell. 2018;175(3):665–678.e23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.049Han W, Tellez LA, Perkins MH, et al. A Neural Circuit for Gut-Induced Reward. Cell. 2018;175(3):665–678.e23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.049Clarke G, Grenham S, Scully P, et al. The microbiome-gut-brain axis during early life regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18(6):666–673. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2012.77Clarke G, Grenham S, Scully P, et al. The microbiome-gut-brain axis during early life regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18(6):666–673. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2012.77Lu J, Lu L, Yu Y, et al. Effects of Intestinal Microbiota on Brain Development in Humanized Gnotobiotic Mice. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1): 5443. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23692-wLu J, Lu L, Yu Y, et al. Effects of Intestinal Microbiota on Brain Development in Humanized Gnotobiotic Mice. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1): 5443. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23692-wSudo N, Chida Y, Aiba Y, et al. Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system for stress response in mice. J Physiol. 2004;558(Pt 1):263–275. doi: https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.063388Sudo N, Chida Y, Aiba Y, et al. Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system for stress response in mice. J Physiol. 2004;558(Pt 1):263–275. doi: https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.063388Zhou Q, Niño DF, Yamaguchi Y, et al. Necrotizing enterocolitis induces T lymphocyte-mediated injury in the developing mammalian brain. Sci Transl Med. 2021;13(575):eaay6621. doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aay6621Zhou Q, Niño DF, Yamaguchi Y, et al. Necrotizing enterocolitis induces T lymphocyte-mediated injury in the developing mammalian brain. Sci Transl Med. 2021;13(575):eaay6621. doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aay6621Caspani G, Green M, Swann JR, Foster JA. Microbe-Immune Crosstalk: Evidence That T Cells Influence the Development of the Brain Metabolome. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(6):3259. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063259Caspani G, Green M, Swann JR, Foster JA. Microbe-Immune Crosstalk: Evidence That T Cells Influence the Development of the Brain Metabolome. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(6):3259. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063259Rea V, Bell I, Ball T, Van Raay T. Gut-derived metabolites influence neurodevelopmental gene expression and Wnt signaling events in a germ-free zebrafish model. Microbiome. 2022;10(1):132. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-022-01302-2Rea V, Bell I, Ball T, Van Raay T. Gut-derived metabolites influence neurodevelopmental gene expression and Wnt signaling events in a germ-free zebrafish model. Microbiome. 2022;10(1):132. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-022-01302-2Thion MS, Low D, Silvin A, et al. Microbiome Influences Prenatal and Adult Microglia in a Sex-Specific Manner. Cell. 2018;172(3): 500–516.e16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.042Thion MS, Low D, Silvin A, et al. Microbiome Influences Prenatal and Adult Microglia in a Sex-Specific Manner. Cell. 2018;172(3): 500–516.e16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.042Møllgård K, Saunders NR. The development of the human blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1986;12(4): 337–358. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2990.1986.tb00146.xMøllgård K, Saunders NR. The development of the human blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1986;12(4): 337–358. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2990.1986.tb00146.xOgbonnaya ES, Clarke G, Shanahan F, et al. Adult Hippocam pal Neurogenesis Is Regulated by the Microbiome. Biol Psychiatry. 2015; 78(4):e7–e9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.023Ogbonnaya ES, Clarke G, Shanahan F, et al. Adult Hippocam pal Neurogenesis Is Regulated by the Microbiome. Biol Psychiatry. 2015; 78(4):e7–e9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.023Keogh CE, Kim DHJ, Pusceddu MM, et al. Myelin as a regulator of development of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;91:437–450. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.001Keogh CE, Kim DHJ, Pusceddu MM, et al. Myelin as a regulator of development of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;91:437–450. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.001Diaz Heijtz R, Wang S, Anuar F, et al. Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011; 108(7):3047–3052. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010529108Diaz Heijtz R, Wang S, Anuar F, et al. Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011; 108(7):3047–3052. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010529108Mancini VO, Brook J, Hernandez C, et al. Associations between the human immune system and gut microbiome with neurodevelopment in the first 5 years of life: A systematic scoping review. Dev Psychobiol. 2023;65(2):e22360. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.22360Mancini VO, Brook J, Hernandez C, et al. Associations between the human immune system and gut microbiome with neurodevelopment in the first 5 years of life: A systematic scoping review. Dev Psychobiol. 2023;65(2):e22360. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.22360Малыгина О.Г., Макарова А.А., Усынина А.А. Методология систематического обзора на примере выявления связи микробиоты кишечника и неврологического развития ребенка // Современные проблемы науки и образования. — 2022. — № 2. — С. 95.Malygina OG, Makarova AA, Usynina AA. The gut microbiota and infant’s neurodevelopment: an example of systematic review methodology application. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovanija. 2022;(2):95. (In Russ). doi: https://doi.org/10.17513/spno.31575Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467–473. doi: https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467–473. doi: https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850Aatsinki A-K, Lahti L, Uusitupa H-M, et al. Gut microbiota composition is associated with temperament traits in infants. Brain Behav Immun. 2019;80:849–858. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.035Aatsinki A-K, Lahti L, Uusitupa H-M, et al. Gut microbiota composition is associated with temperament traits in infants. Brain Behav Immun. 2019;80:849–858. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.035Sun Zh, Xu W, Cong X, et al. Log-contrast regression with functional compositional predictors: linking preterm infant’s gut microbiome trajectories to neurobehavioral outcome. Ann Appl Stat. 2020;14(3):1535–1556. doi: https://doi.org/10.1214/20-aoas1357Sun Zh, Xu W, Cong X, et al. Log-contrast regression with functional compositional predictors: linking preterm infant’s gut microbiome trajectories to neurobehavioral outcome. Ann Appl Stat. 2020;14(3):1535–1556. doi: https://doi.org/10.1214/20-aoas1357Kelsey CM, Prescott S, McCulloch JA, et al. Gut microbiota composition is associated with newborn functional brain connectivity and behavioral temperament. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;91: 472–486. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.003Kelsey CM, Prescott S, McCulloch JA, et al. Gut microbiota composition is associated with newborn functional brain connectivity and behavioral temperament. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;91: 472–486. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.003Oliphant K, Ali M, D’Souzab M, et al. Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae integration into the gut microbiome at key time points in early life are linked to infant neurodevelopment. Gut Microbes. 2021;13(1): e1997560. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2021.1997560Oliphant K, Ali M, D’Souzab M, et al. Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae integration into the gut microbiome at key time points in early life are linked to infant neurodevelopment. Gut Microbes. 2021;13(1): e1997560. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2021.1997560Seki D, Mayer M, Hausmann B, et al. Aberrant gut-microbiotaimmune-brain axis development in premature neonates with brain damage. Cell Host Microbe. 2021;29(10):1558–1572. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2021.08.004Seki D, Mayer M, Hausmann B, et al. Aberrant gut-microbiotaimmune-brain axis development in premature neonates with brain damage. Cell Host Microbe. 2021;29(10):1558–1572. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2021.08.004Carlson AL, Xia K, Azcarate-Peril MA, et al. Infant gut microbiome composition is associated with non-social fear behavior in a pilot study. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):3294. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23281-yCarlson AL, Xia K, Azcarate-Peril MA, et al. Infant gut microbiome composition is associated with non-social fear behavior in a pilot study. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):3294. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23281-yZhang X, Liu L, Bai W, et al. Evolution of Intestinal Microbiota of Asphyxiated Neonates Within 1 Week and Its Relationship With Neural Development at 6 Months. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:690339. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.690339Zhang X, Liu L, Bai W, et al. Evolution of Intestinal Microbiota of Asphyxiated Neonates Within 1 Week and Its Relationship With Neural Development at 6 Months. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:690339. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.690339Russell JT, Ruoss JL, de la Cruz D, et al. Antibiotics and the developing intestinal microbiome, metabolome and inflammatory environment in a randomized trial of preterm infants. Sci Rep. 2021;11:1943. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-80982-6Russell JT, Ruoss JL, de la Cruz D, et al. Antibiotics and the developing intestinal microbiome, metabolome and inflammatory environment in a randomized trial of preterm infants. Sci Rep. 2021;11:1943. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-80982-6Wu W, Zhao A, Liu B, et al. Neurodevelopmental Outcomes and Gut Bifidobacteria in Term Infants Fed an Infant Formula Containing High sn-2 Palmitate: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients. 2021;13(2):693. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020693Wu W, Zhao A, Liu B, et al. Neurodevelopmental Outcomes and Gut Bifidobacteria in Term Infants Fed an Infant Formula Containing High sn-2 Palmitate: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients. 2021;13(2):693. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020693Dahl C, Stigum H, Valeur J, et al. Preterm infants have distinct microbiomes not explained by mode of delivery, breastfeeding duration or antibiotic exposure. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(5):1658–1669. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy064Dahl C, Stigum H, Valeur J, et al. Preterm infants have distinct microbiomes not explained by mode of delivery, breastfeeding duration or antibiotic exposure. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(5):1658–1669. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy064

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.