<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vsp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы современной педиатрии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Current Pediatrics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1682-5527</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1682-5535</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Издательство «ПедиатрЪ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15690/vsp.v11i4.361</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vsp-456</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НЕПРЕРЫВНОЕ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ПНЕВМОКОККОВАЯ ПНЕВМОНИЯ У ДЕТЕЙ: УРОКИ ПОВСЕДНЕВНОЙ ПРАКТИКИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION IN CHILDREN: EVERYDAY PRACTICE</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Намазова-Баранова</surname><given-names>Л. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Namazova-Baranova</surname><given-names>L. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">namazova@nczd.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куличенко</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulichenko</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Куличенко Татьяна Владимировна, кандидат медицинских наук, врач-педиатр, заведующая отделением неотложной педиатрии с группой анестезиологии-реанимации НИИ профилактической педиатрии и восстановительного лечения ФГБУ «Научный центр здоровья детей» РАМН</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tat’yana Kulichenko, Candidate of Medical Science, pediatrician, head of the department of urgent pediatrics with group of anesthesiology reanimation of Scientific Research Institute of Preventive Pediatrics and Recovery Treatment</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Tkulichenko@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малахова</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malakhova</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">Tkulichenko@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Старовойтова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Starovoitova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">Tkulichenko@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бакрадзе</surname><given-names>М. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakradze</surname><given-names>M. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">Bakradze@nczd.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чащина</surname><given-names>И. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chashchina</surname><given-names>I. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">Tkulichenko@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Митюшин</surname><given-names>И. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mitushin</surname><given-names>I. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">Tkulichenko@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научный центр здоровья детей РАМН, Москва;&#13;
Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова;&#13;
Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова, Москва</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre of Children Health, RAMS, Moscow;&#13;
I.M. Setchenov First Moscow State Medical University;&#13;
N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University,  Moscow</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научный центр здоровья детей РАМН, Москва;&#13;
Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre of Children Health, RAMS, Moscow;&#13;
I.M. Setchenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научный центр здоровья детей РАМН, Москва</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre of Children Health, RAMS, Moscow</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научный центр здоровья детей РАМН, Москва&#13;
Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre of Children Health, RAMS, Moscow;&#13;
I.M. Setchenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>07</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title>Вопросы современной педиатрии</issue-title><fpage>65</fpage><lpage>72</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Намазова-Баранова Л.С., Куличенко Т.В., Малахова А.Е., Старовойтова Е.В., Бакрадзе М.Д., Чащина И.Л., Митюшин И.Л., 2012</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Намазова-Баранова Л.С., Куличенко Т.В., Малахова А.Е., Старовойтова Е.В., Бакрадзе М.Д., Чащина И.Л., Митюшин И.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Namazova-Baranova L.S., Kulichenko T.V., Malakhova A.E., Starovoitova E.V., Bakradze M.D., Chashchina I.L., Mitushin I.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vsp.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/456">https://vsp.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/456</self-uri><abstract><p>Детальный анализ официальных руководств, имеющих целью оптимизировать диагностику и лечение внебольничной пневмонии у детей, показывает, что многие рекомендуемые подходы к внебольничной пневмонии, как диагностические, так и терапевтические, далеко не всегда основаны на высоком уровне доказательности. В свою очередь, повседневная клиническая практика демонстрирует, что диагностика и лечение внебольничных пневмоний у детей нередко не соотносятся с существующими современными стандартами. Целью данной публикации является обсуждение трудных и нерешенных вопросов диагностики и лечения внебольничных пневмоний у детей младшего возраста на основе анализа реальных клинических ситуаций.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"/><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>внебольничная пневмония</kwd><kwd>диагноз</kwd><kwd>дифференциальная диагностика</kwd><kwd>тяжелая бактериальная инфекция</kwd><kwd>лечение</kwd><kwd>пневмококковые инфекции</kwd><kwd>вакцинопрофилактика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>home-acquired pneumonia</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>diagnostics</kwd><kwd>differential diagnosis</kwd><kwd>severe bacterial infection</kwd><kwd>treatment</kwd><kwd>pneumococcal infections</kwd><kwd>vaccination</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Principi N., Esposito S. Management of severe communityacquired pneumonia of children in developing and developed countries. Thorax. 2011; 66: 815–822.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Principi N., Esposito S. Management of severe communityacquired pneumonia of children in developing and developed countries. Thorax. 2011; 66: 815–822.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harris M., Clark J., Coote N. et al. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in children: update 2011. Thorax. 2011; 66 (2): 1–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harris M., Clark J., Coote N. et al. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in children: update 2011. Thorax. 2011; 66 (2): 1–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bradley J. S., Byington C. L., Shah S. S. et al. Executive summary: the management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age — clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2011; 53: 617–630.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bradley J. S., Byington C. L., Shah S. S. et al. Executive summary: the management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age — clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2011; 53: 617–630.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. Pneumonia. Fact sheet No. 331. 2009. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs331/en/index. html. [Accessed 7 September 2010].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. Pneumonia. Fact sheet No. 331. 2009. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs331/en/index. html. [Accessed 7 September 2010].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neuman M. I., Monuteaux M. C., Scully K. J., Bachur R. G. Pre diction of pneumonia in a pediatric emergency department. Pediat rics. 2011; 128: 246–253.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neuman M. I., Monuteaux M. C., Scully K. J., Bachur R. G. Pre diction of pneumonia in a pediatric emergency department. Pediat rics. 2011; 128: 246–253.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bilkis M. D., Gorgal N., Carbone M. et al. Validation and development of a clinical prediction rule in clinically suspected communityacquired pneumonia. Pediatr. Emerg. Care. 2010; 26: 399–415.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bilkis M. D., Gorgal N., Carbone M. et al. Validation and development of a clinical prediction rule in clinically suspected communityacquired pneumonia. Pediatr. Emerg. Care. 2010; 26: 399–415.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neuman M. I., Lee E. Y., Bixby S. et al. Variability of the interpretation of chest radiographs for the diagnosis of pneumo nia in children. J. Hosp. Med. 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neuman M. I., Lee E. Y., Bixby S. et al. Variability of the interpretation of chest radiographs for the diagnosis of pneumo nia in children. J. Hosp. Med. 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esposito S., Principi N. Unsolved problems in the approach to pediatric community-acquired pneumonia. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2012; 25: 286–291.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esposito S., Principi N. Unsolved problems in the approach to pediatric community-acquired pneumonia. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2012; 25: 286–291.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ayieko P., English M. In children aged 2–59 months with pneumonia, which clinical signs best predict hypoxaemia? J. Trop. Pediatr. 2006; 52: 307–310.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ayieko P., English M. In children aged 2–59 months with pneumonia, which clinical signs best predict hypoxaemia? J. Trop. Pediatr. 2006; 52: 307–310.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thompson M., Coad N., Harnden A. et al. How well do vital signs identify children with serious infections in paediatric emergency care? Arch. Dis. Child. 2009; 94: 888–893.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thompson M., Coad N., Harnden A. et al. How well do vital signs identify children with serious infections in paediatric emergency care? Arch. Dis. Child. 2009; 94: 888–893.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flood R. G., Badik J., Aronoff S. C. The utility of serum C-reactive protein in differentiating bacterial from nonbacterial pneumonia in children: a metaanalysis of 1230 children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2008; 27: 95–99.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flood R. G., Badik J., Aronoff S. C. The utility of serum C-reactive protein in differentiating bacterial from nonbacterial pneumonia in children: a metaanalysis of 1230 children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2008; 27: 95–99.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тhompson М., A. van den Bruel, Verbakel J. Systematic review and validation of prediction rules for identifying children with serious infections in emergency departments and urgent-access primary care. Health Technology Assessment. 2012; 16: 15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Тhompson М., A. van den Bruel, Verbakel J. Systematic review and validation of prediction rules for identifying children with serious infections in emergency departments and urgent-access primary care. Health Technology Assessment. 2012; 16: 15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burkhardt O., Ewig S., Haagen U. et al. Procalcitonin guidance and reduction of antibiotic use in acute respiratory tract infection. Eur. Respir. J. 2010; 36: 601–607.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burkhardt O., Ewig S., Haagen U. et al. Procalcitonin guidance and reduction of antibiotic use in acute respiratory tract infection. Eur. Respir. J. 2010; 36: 601–607.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khan D. A., Rahman A., Khan F. A. Is procalcitonin better than C-reactive protein for early diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia in children? J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 2010; 24: 1–5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khan D. A., Rahman A., Khan F. A. Is procalcitonin better than C-reactive protein for early diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia in children? J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 2010; 24: 1–5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бакрадзе М. Д. Новые лечебно-диагностические и организационные технологии ведения детей с острыми лихорадочными заболеваниями. Автореф. дис. … докт. мед. наук. М. 2009. 42 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Бакрадзе М. Д. Новые лечебно-диагностические и организационные технологии ведения детей с острыми лихорадочными заболеваниями. Автореф. дис. … докт. мед. наук. М. 2009. 42 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blasi F., Stolz D., Piffer F. Biomarkers in lower respiratory tract infections. Pulmonary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics. 2010; 23: 501–507.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blasi F., Stolz D., Piffer F. Biomarkers in lower respiratory tract infections. Pulmonary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics. 2010; 23: 501–507.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horie М., Ugajin М., Suzuki М. Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Procalcitonin in Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2012; 343 (1): 30–35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horie М., Ugajin М., Suzuki М. Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Procalcitonin in Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2012; 343 (1): 30–35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laurichesse H., Grimaud O., Waight P. et al. Pneumococcal bacteraemia and meningitis in England and Wales, 1993 to 1995. Commun. Dis. Public Health. 1998; 1: 22–27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laurichesse H., Grimaud O., Waight P. et al. Pneumococcal bacteraemia and meningitis in England and Wales, 1993 to 1995. Commun. Dis. Public Health. 1998; 1: 22–27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lahti E., Peltola V., Waris M. et al. Induced sputum in the diagnosis of childhood community-acquired pneumonia. Thorax. 2009; 64: 252–257.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lahti E., Peltola V., Waris M. et al. Induced sputum in the diagnosis of childhood community-acquired pneumonia. Thorax. 2009; 64: 252–257.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shah S. S., Dugan M. H., Bell L. M. et al. Blood cultures in the emergency department evaluation of childhood pneumonia. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2011; 30: 475–479.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shah S. S., Dugan M. H., Bell L. M. et al. Blood cultures in the emergency department evaluation of childhood pneumonia. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2011; 30: 475–479.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Resti M., Micheli A., Moriondo M. et al. Comparison of the effect of antibiotic treatment on the possibility of diagnosing invasive pneumococcal disease by culture or molecular methods: a prospective, observational study of children and adolescents with proven pneumococcal infection. Clin. Ther. 2009; 31: 1266–1273.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Resti M., Micheli A., Moriondo M. et al. Comparison of the effect of antibiotic treatment on the possibility of diagnosing invasive pneumococcal disease by culture or molecular methods: a prospective, observational study of children and adolescents with proven pneumococcal infection. Clin. Ther. 2009; 31: 1266–1273.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Харит С. М., Сидоренко С. В., Рулева А. А. и др. Распро страненность пневмококковых пневмоний и отитов у детей младшего возраста (предварительные данные). Вопр. совр. пед. 2011; 6: 103–107.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Харит С. М., Сидоренко С. В., Рулева А. А. и др. Распро страненность пневмококковых пневмоний и отитов у детей младшего возраста (предварительные данные). Вопр. совр. пед. 2011; 6: 103–107.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marchese A., Esposito S., Coppo E. et al. Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae and identification of pneumococcal serotypes by real-time polymerase chain reaction using blood samples from Italian children 5 years of age with communityacquired pneumonia. Microb. Drug Resist. 2011; 17: 419–424.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marchese A., Esposito S., Coppo E. et al. Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae and identification of pneumococcal serotypes by real-time polymerase chain reaction using blood samples from Italian children 5 years of age with communityacquired pneumonia. Microb. Drug Resist. 2011; 17: 419–424.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thurman K. A., Walter N. D., Schwartz S. B. et al. Comparison of laboratory diagnostic procedures for detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in community outbreaks. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2009; 48: 1244–1249. 25. Jansen R. R., Wieringa J., Koekkoek S. M. et al. Frequent detec tion of respiratory viruses without symptoms: toward defining clinically relevant cutoff values. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2011; 49: 2631–2636.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thurman K. A., Walter N. D., Schwartz S. B. et al. Comparison of laboratory diagnostic procedures for detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in community outbreaks. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2009; 48: 1244–1249. 25. Jansen R. R., Wieringa J., Koekkoek S. M. et al. Frequent detec tion of respiratory viruses without symptoms: toward defining clinically relevant cutoff values. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2011; 49: 2631–2636.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morens D. M., Taubenberger J. K., Fauci A. S. Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: implications for pandemic influenza preparedness. J. Infect. Dis. 2008; 198: 962–970.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morens D. M., Taubenberger J. K., Fauci A. S. Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: implications for pandemic influenza preparedness. J. Infect. Dis. 2008; 198: 962–970.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Copelovitch L., Kaplan B. Streptococcus pneumoniae-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: classification and the emergence of serotype 19A. Pediatrics. 2010; 125: 174–182.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Copelovitch L., Kaplan B. Streptococcus pneumoniae-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: classification and the emergence of serotype 19A. Pediatrics. 2010; 125: 174–182.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Recommendations for management of common childhood conditions: evidence for technical update of pocket book recommendations: newborn conditions, dysentery, pneumonia, oxygen use and delivery, common causes of fever, severe acute malnutrition and supportive care. World Health Organization. 2012. URL: http://www.who.int.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Recommendations for management of common childhood conditions: evidence for technical update of pocket book recommendations: newborn conditions, dysentery, pneumonia, oxygen use and delivery, common causes of fever, severe acute malnutrition and supportive care. World Health Organization. 2012. URL: http://www.who.int.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Практическое руководство по антиинфекционной химиотера- пии / под ред. Л. С. Страчунского, Ю. Б. Белоусова, С. Н. Козлова. Смоленск: МАКМАХ. 2007. 464 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Практическое руководство по антиинфекционной химиотера- пии / под ред. Л. С. Страчунского, Ю. Б. Белоусова, С. Н. Козлова. Смоленск: МАКМАХ. 2007. 464 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2007, No. 1/2, 2007; 82: 93–104. World Health Organization. URL: http://www.who.int/wer.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2007, No. 1/2, 2007; 82: 93–104. World Health Organization. URL: http://www.who.int/wer.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сидоренко С. В., Лобзин Ю. В., Харит С. М. и др. Пневмококковая инфекция и современные возможности ее профилактики — эпидемиологический обзор ситуации в мире и в России. Вопр. совр. пед. 2010; 9 (1): 62–69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Сидоренко С. В., Лобзин Ю. В., Харит С. М. и др. Пневмококковая инфекция и современные возможности ее профилактики — эпидемиологический обзор ситуации в мире и в России. Вопр. совр. пед. 2010; 9 (1): 62–69.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reinert R. R., Paradiso P., Fritzel B. Advances in pneumococcal vaccines: the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine received market authorization in Europe. Exp. Rev. Vacc. 2010; 9: 229–236.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reinert R. R., Paradiso P., Fritzel B. Advances in pneumococcal vaccines: the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine received market authorization in Europe. Exp. Rev. Vacc. 2010; 9: 229–236.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liua Y., Wanga H., Chen M. Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children in China younger than 5 years. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2008; 61: 256–263.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liua Y., Wanga H., Chen M. Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children in China younger than 5 years. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2008; 61: 256–263.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jourdain S., Smeesters P. R., Denis O. et al. Differences in nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage in preschool children from different socio-economic origins. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jourdain S., Smeesters P. R., Denis O. et al. Differences in nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage in preschool children from different socio-economic origins. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Катосова Л. К., Таточенко В. К., Арова А. А. и др. Серотипы S. pneumoniae у детей, больных острой пневмонией и плевритом. Журн. микробиол. эпидемиол. иммунобиол. 1990; 5: 23–28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Катосова Л. К., Таточенко В. К., Арова А. А. и др. Серотипы S. pneumoniae у детей, больных острой пневмонией и плевритом. Журн. микробиол. эпидемиол. иммунобиол. 1990; 5: 23–28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Таточенко В. К., Катосова Л. К., Уланова М. А. и др. Перио ди- ческие и региональные особенности серотипового спектра пневмококков у детей с респираторными заболеваниями и здоровых носителей. Журн. микробиол. эпидемиол. иммунобиол. 1994; 3: 3–10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Таточенко В. К., Катосова Л. К., Уланова М. А. и др. Перио ди- ческие и региональные особенности серотипового спектра пневмококков у детей с респираторными заболеваниями и здоровых носителей. Журн. микробиол. эпидемиол. иммунобиол. 1994; 3: 3–10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маянский Н. А., Алябьева Н.М., Катосова Л. К. и др. Опре- де ление капсульных серотипов пневмококка методом мульти- плексной ПЦР. Вопр. диагн. пед. 2010; 2 (6): 6–10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Маянский Н. А., Алябьева Н.М., Катосова Л. К. и др. Опре- де ление капсульных серотипов пневмококка методом мульти- плексной ПЦР. Вопр. диагн. пед. 2010; 2 (6): 6–10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Isaacman D. J., McIntosh E. D., Reinert R. R. Burden of invasive pneumococcal disease and serotype distribution among Strep tococcus pneumoniae isolates in young children in Europe: impact of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and considerations for future conjugate vaccines. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2010; 14: 197–209.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isaacman D. J., McIntosh E. D., Reinert R. R. Burden of invasive pneumococcal disease and serotype distribution among Strep tococcus pneumoniae isolates in young children in Europe: impact of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and considerations for future conjugate vaccines. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2010; 14: 197–209.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Катосова Л. К., Таточенко В. К., Арова А. А. и др. Серотипы S. pneumoniae у детей, больных острой пневмонией и плевритом. Журн. микробиол. эпидемиол. иммунобиол. 1990; 5: 23–28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Катосова Л. К., Таточенко В. К., Арова А. А. и др. Серотипы S. pneumoniae у детей, больных острой пневмонией и плевритом. Журн. микробиол. эпидемиол. иммунобиол. 1990; 5: 23–28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Савина Т. А., Сидоренко С. В. Антибиотики и химиотерапия. 2011; 56 (5–6).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Савина Т. А., Сидоренко С. В. Антибиотики и химиотерапия. 2011; 56 (5–6).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
