vspВопросы современной педиатрииCurrent Pediatrics1682-55271682-5535Издательство «ПедиатрЪ»vsp-639Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫLITERATURE REVIEWПневмонии у детей: причины развития и современные возможности профилактикиPNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN: CAUSES AND MODERN OPPORTUNITIES OF PROPHYLAXISГалкинаЕ.В.GalkinaE.V.egalkina@alliance-f.ruКлиника «Альянс Франсез», МоскваClinic Alliance Frances, Moscow201116072011104Вопросы современной педиатрии23–28Copyright © Галкина Е., 20112011Галкина Е.Galkina E.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vsp.spr-journal.ru/jour/article/view/639ReferencesOstapchuk M., Roberts D., Haddy R. Community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children. Am. Fam. Phys. 2004; 70 (5): 899–908.Ostapchuk M., Roberts D., Haddy R. Community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children. Am. Fam. Phys. 2004; 70 (5): 899–908.Таточенко В.К. Пневмонии у детей: этиология и лечение. Лечащий врач. 2002; 10: 56–60.Таточенко В.К. Пневмонии у детей: этиология и лечение. Лечащий врач. 2002; 10: 56–60.Picard C. Invasive pneumococcal disease in children: a primary immunodeficiency? Сборник тезисов II Всероссийской школы по клинической иммунологии. СПб.: РАКИ. 2011.Picard C. Invasive pneumococcal disease in children: a primary immunodeficiency? Сборник тезисов II Всероссийской школы по клинической иммунологии. СПб.: РАКИ. 2011.Alcais A., Abel L., Casanova J.L. Human genetics of infectious diseases: between proof of principle and paradigm. J. Clin. Invest. 2009; 119 (9): 2506–2514.Alcais A., Abel L., Casanova J.L. Human genetics of infectious diseases: between proof of principle and paradigm. J. Clin. Invest. 2009; 119 (9): 2506–2514.Киселев О.И., Малый В.П. Грипп А/H1N1 как типичная эмерджентная инфекция. Клиническая иммунология, аллергология, инфектология [Украина]. 2009; 310–322.Киселев О.И., Малый В.П. Грипп А/H1N1 как типичная эмерджентная инфекция. Клиническая иммунология, аллергология, инфектология [Украина]. 2009; 310–322.Hasegawa M., Okada T. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 ― associated pneumonia in children, Japan. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2011; 17 (2): 279–282.Hasegawa M., Okada T. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 ― associated pneumonia in children, Japan. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2011; 17 (2): 279–282.Рекалова Е.М. Поражение легких в период пандемии свиного гриппа А/H1N1 2009–2010 гг. Клиническая иммунология, аллергология, инфектология [Украина]. 2010; 3: 42–48.Рекалова Е.М. Поражение легких в период пандемии свиного гриппа А/H1N1 2009–2010 гг. Клиническая иммунология, аллергология, инфектология [Украина]. 2010; 3: 42–48.Perez–Padilla R., De la Rosa-Zamboni D., Ponce de Leon S. et al. Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine origin influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009; 361: 680–689.Perez–Padilla R., De la Rosa-Zamboni D., Ponce de Leon S. et al. Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine origin influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009; 361: 680–689.James R. Gill, Zong–Mei, Patel M. et al. Pulmonary pathologic findings of fatal pandemic influenza A/H1N1 viral infection. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 2010; 134 (2): 235–243.James R. Gill, Zong–Mei, Patel M. et al. Pulmonary pathologic findings of fatal pandemic influenza A/H1N1 viral infection. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 2010; 134 (2): 235–243.Wilfert C.M. Invasive bacterial infections in children with HIV infection. In: Pizzo P.A., Wilfert C.M., eds. Pediatric AIDS. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2000. Р. 117–124.Wilfert C.M. Invasive bacterial infections in children with HIV infection. In: Pizzo P.A., Wilfert C.M., eds. Pediatric AIDS. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2000. Р. 117–124.Graham S.M. HIV and respiratory infections in children. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 2003; 9 (3): 215–220.Graham S.M. HIV and respiratory infections in children. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 2003; 9 (3): 215–220.Dankner W.M., Lindsey J.C., Levin M.J. Correlates of opportunistic infections in children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus managed before highly active antiretroviral therapy. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2001; 20 (1): 40–48.Dankner W.M., Lindsey J.C., Levin M.J. Correlates of opportunistic infections in children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus managed before highly active antiretroviral therapy. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2001; 20 (1): 40–48.Whitney C.G., Farley M.M., Hadler J. et al. Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistantWhitney C.G., Farley M.M., Hadler J. et al. Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistantStreptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000; 343: 1917–1924.Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000; 343: 1917–1924.World Health Organization. Report of a consultative meeting of children with pneumonia and HIV infection. World Health Organization: Harare, Zimbabwe; January 30–31, 2003. URL: http://www.google.com/u/who?q=pneumonia+consultative+meeting+2003World Health Organization. Report of a consultative meeting of children with pneumonia and HIV infection. World Health Organization: Harare, Zimbabwe; January 30–31, 2003. URL: http://www.google.com/u/who?q=pneumonia+consultative+meeting+2003Gibb D., Castro J.E., Widhopf G.F. et al. Antibody responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccines in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1995; 14 (2): 129–135.Gibb D., Castro J.E., Widhopf G.F. et al. Antibody responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccines in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1995; 14 (2): 129–135.Madhi S.A., Kuwanda L., Cutland C. et al. Quantitative and qualitative antibody response to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine among African human immunodeficiency virus infected and uninfected children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2005; 24 (5): 410–416.Madhi S.A., Kuwanda L., Cutland C. et al. Quantitative and qualitative antibody response to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine among African human immunodeficiency virus infected and uninfected children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2005; 24 (5): 410–416.King J.C., Vink P.E., Farley J.J. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of three doses of a five-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than two years with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatrics. 1997; 99 (4): 575–580.King J.C., Vink P.E., Farley J.J. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of three doses of a five-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than two years with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatrics. 1997; 99 (4): 575–580.Feikin D.R., Elie C.V., Goettz M.B. et al. Randomized trial of the quantitative and functional antibody responses to a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and/or 23–valent polysaccharide vaccine among HIV–infected adults. Vaccine. 2001; 20 (3–4): 545–553.Feikin D.R., Elie C.V., Goettz M.B. et al. Randomized trial of the quantitative and functional antibody responses to a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and/or 23–valent polysaccharide vaccine among HIV–infected adults. Vaccine. 2001; 20 (3–4): 545–553.Klugman K.P. Pneumococcal resistance to antibiotics. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1990; 3: 171–196.Klugman K.P. Pneumococcal resistance to antibiotics. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1990; 3: 171–196.Melvin A.J., Mohan K.M. Response to immunization with measles, tetanus, and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines in children who have human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and are treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Pediatrics. 2003; 111 (6 Pt. 1): 641–644.Melvin A.J., Mohan K.M. Response to immunization with measles, tetanus, and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines in children who have human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and are treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Pediatrics. 2003; 111 (6 Pt. 1): 641–644.Picard C., Puel A., Casanova J. Primary immunodeficiencies associated with pneumococcal disease. Curr. Opin. Allergy. Clin. Immunol. ― 2003; 3: 451–459.Picard C., Puel A., Casanova J. Primary immunodeficiencies associated with pneumococcal disease. Curr. Opin. Allergy. Clin. Immunol. ― 2003; 3: 451–459.Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases.Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases.URL: http://www.info4pi.org/aboutPI/index.cfm?section=aboutPI&content=syndromes&area=9URL: http://www.info4pi.org/aboutPI/index.cfm?section=aboutPI&content=syndromes&area=9Figueroa J.E., Densen P. Infectious diseases associated with complement deficiencies. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1991; 4: 359–395.Figueroa J.E., Densen P. Infectious diseases associated with complement deficiencies. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1991; 4: 359–395.Sullivan K.E., Winkelstein J.A. Deficiencies of the complement system, immunologic disorders in infants and children. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 2004. Р. 652–684.Sullivan K.E., Winkelstein J.A. Deficiencies of the complement system, immunologic disorders in infants and children. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 2004. Р. 652–684.Gilbert B., Menetrey C., Fischer A. Familial isolated congenital asplenia: a rare, frequently hereditary dominant condition, often detected too late as a cause of overwhelming pneumococcal sepsis. Report of a new case and review of 31 others. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2002; 161: 368–372.Gilbert B., Menetrey C., Fischer A. Familial isolated congenital asplenia: a rare, frequently hereditary dominant condition, often detected too late as a cause of overwhelming pneumococcal sepsis. Report of a new case and review of 31 others. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2002; 161: 368–372.Currie A.J., Davidson D.J., Reid G.S. Primary immunodeficiency to pneumococcal infection due to a defect in Toll like receptor signaling. J. Pediatr. 2004; 144: 512–518.Currie A.J., Davidson D.J., Reid G.S. Primary immunodeficiency to pneumococcal infection due to a defect in Toll like receptor signaling. J. Pediatr. 2004; 144: 512–518.Enders A., Pannicle U., Berner R. et al. Two siblings with lethal pneumococcal meningitis in a family with a mutation in interleukin–1 receptor associated kinase 4. J. Pediatr. 2004; 145: 698–700.Enders A., Pannicle U., Berner R. et al. Two siblings with lethal pneumococcal meningitis in a family with a mutation in interleukin–1 receptor associated kinase 4. J. Pediatr. 2004; 145: 698–700.Ku C.L., Yang K., Casanova J.L. et al. Inherited disorders of human Toll like receptor signaling: immunological implications. Immunol. Rev. 2005; 203: 10–20.Ku C.L., Yang K., Casanova J.L. et al. Inherited disorders of human Toll like receptor signaling: immunological implications. Immunol. Rev. 2005; 203: 10–20.Picard C., Puel A., Bonnet M. Pyogenic bacterial infections in humans with IRAK-4 deficiency. Science. 2003; 299: 2076–2079.Picard C., Puel A., Bonnet M. Pyogenic bacterial infections in humans with IRAK-4 deficiency. Science. 2003; 299: 2076–2079.Ku C.L., Dupuis–Giraud S., Picard A.C. et al. NEMO mutations in 2 unrelated boys with severe infections and conical teeth. Pediatrics. 2005; 115: 15–19.Ku C.L., Dupuis–Giraud S., Picard A.C. et al. NEMO mutations in 2 unrelated boys with severe infections and conical teeth. Pediatrics. 2005; 115: 15–19.Orange J.S., Jain A., Ballas Z.K. et al. The presentation and natural history of immunodeficency caused by nuclear factor κB essential modulator mutation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2004; 113: 725–733.Orange J.S., Jain A., Ballas Z.K. et al. The presentation and natural history of immunodeficency caused by nuclear factor κB essential modulator mutation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2004; 113: 725–733.Uzel G. The range of defects associated with nuclear factor κB essential modulator. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2005; 5: 513–518.Uzel G. The range of defects associated with nuclear factor κB essential modulator. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2005; 5: 513–518.Von Bernuth H., Puel A., Casanova J.L. et al. Septicemia without sepsis: inherited disorders of nuclear factor- B-mediated inflammation. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005; 41: 436–439.Von Bernuth H., Puel A., Casanova J.L. et al. Septicemia without sepsis: inherited disorders of nuclear factor- B-mediated inflammation. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005; 41: 436–439.Rosenzweig S., Holland S.M. Phagocyte immunodeficiencies and their infections. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2004; 113: 620–626.Rosenzweig S., Holland S.M. Phagocyte immunodeficiencies and their infections. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2004; 113: 620–626.Winkelstein J.A., Marino M.C., Holland S.M., Ochs H. Chronic granulomatous disease: report on a national registry of 368 patients. Medicine. 2000; 79: 155–169.Winkelstein J.A., Marino M.C., Holland S.M., Ochs H. Chronic granulomatous disease: report on a national registry of 368 patients. Medicine. 2000; 79: 155–169.Buckley R.H., Schiff R.I., Schiff S.E. et al. Human severe combined immunodeficiency: genetic, phenotypic, and functional diversity in one hundred eight infants. J. Pediatr. 1997; 130: 378–387.Buckley R.H., Schiff R.I., Schiff S.E. et al. Human severe combined immunodeficiency: genetic, phenotypic, and functional diversity in one hundred eight infants. J. Pediatr. 1997; 130: 378–387.Stephan J.L., Vlekova V., Fischer A. et al. Severe combined immunodeficiency: a retrospective single center study of clinical presentation and outcome in 117 patients. J. Pediatr. 1993; 123: 564–572.Stephan J.L., Vlekova V., Fischer A. et al. Severe combined immunodeficiency: a retrospective single center study of clinical presentation and outcome in 117 patients. J. Pediatr. 1993; 123: 564–572.Quartier P., Bustamante J., Fischer A. et al. Clinical, immunologic and genetic analysis of 29 patients with autosomal recessive hyperIgM syndrome due to activation induced cytidine deaminase. Clin. Immunol. 2004; 110: 22–29.Quartier P., Bustamante J., Fischer A. et al. Clinical, immunologic and genetic analysis of 29 patients with autosomal recessive hyperIgM syndrome due to activation induced cytidine deaminase. Clin. Immunol. 2004; 110: 22–29.Winkelstein J.A., Marino M.C., Ochs H. et al. The X–linked hyper IgM syndrome. Medicine. 2003; 82: 373–384.Winkelstein J.A., Marino M.C., Ochs H. et al. The X–linked hyper IgM syndrome. Medicine. 2003; 82: 373–384.Снегова Н.Ф., Харит С.М. Основные подходы к иммунизации детей с первичными иммунодефицитами. Иммунодефициты. 2003; 6 (30).Снегова Н.Ф., Харит С.М. Основные подходы к иммунизации детей с первичными иммунодефицитами. Иммунодефициты. 2003; 6 (30).Varman M., Kingsley J.D., Chatterjee A. et al. Immunizations for patients with metabolic disorder. Pediatrics. 2006; 118: 460.Varman M., Kingsley J.D., Chatterjee A. et al. Immunizations for patients with metabolic disorder. Pediatrics. 2006; 118: 460.Тарасова А.А., Костинов М.П. Клинический и иммунологический эффект пневмококковых конъюгированных вакцин у иммунокомпрометированных пациентов. Педиатрическая фармакология. 2010; 5: 18–23.Тарасова А.А., Костинов М.П. Клинический и иммунологический эффект пневмококковых конъюгированных вакцин у иммунокомпрометированных пациентов. Педиатрическая фармакология. 2010; 5: 18–23.Espоsito S., Cencinati V., Drescia L. et al. Vaccination in children with cancer. Vaccine. 2010; 28: 3278–3284.Espоsito S., Cencinati V., Drescia L. et al. Vaccination in children with cancer. Vaccine. 2010; 28: 3278–3284.Farmaki E., Kanakoudi–Tsakalidou F., Spoulou V. et al. The effect of anti–TNF treatment on the immunogenicity and safety of the 7–valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Vaccine. 2010; 28 (31): 5109–5113.Farmaki E., Kanakoudi–Tsakalidou F., Spoulou V. et al. The effect of anti–TNF treatment on the immunogenicity and safety of the 7–valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Vaccine. 2010; 28 (31): 5109–5113.Doran M.F., Crowson C.S., Pond G.R. et al. Frequency of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with controls: a population based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2002; 46: 2287–2293.Doran M.F., Crowson C.S., Pond G.R. et al. Frequency of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with controls: a population based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2002; 46: 2287–2293.Doran M.F., Crowson C.S., Pond G.R. et al. Predictors of infection in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002; 46: 2294–2300.Doran M.F., Crowson C.S., Pond G.R. et al. Predictors of infection in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002; 46: 2294–2300.Kroesen S., Widmer1 A.F., Tyndall A., Hasler P. Serious bacterial infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis under anti–TNF–ᾳ therapy. Rheumatology. 2003; 42: 617–621.Kroesen S., Widmer1 A.F., Tyndall A., Hasler P. Serious bacterial infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis under anti–TNF–ᾳ therapy. Rheumatology. 2003; 42: 617–621.Baghai M., Osmon D.R., Wolk D.M. et al. Fatal sepsis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with etanercept. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2001; 76: 653-656.Baghai M., Osmon D.R., Wolk D.M. et al. Fatal sepsis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with etanercept. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2001; 76: 653-656.Elkayam O., Caspi D., Reitblatt T. et al. The effect of tumor necrosis factor blockade on the response to pneumococcal vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 2004; 33: 283–288.Elkayam O., Caspi D., Reitblatt T. et al. The effect of tumor necrosis factor blockade on the response to pneumococcal vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 2004; 33: 283–288.Visvanathan S., Weiss R., Keenan G. et al. Response to the pneumococcal vaccine in patients with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2005; 64 (Suppl. III): 422 [abstract].Visvanathan S., Weiss R., Keenan G. et al. Response to the pneumococcal vaccine in patients with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2005; 64 (Suppl. III): 422 [abstract].Kapetanovic M.C., Saxne T., Sjoholm A. et al. Influenza of methotrexate, TNF blockers and prednisolone on antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in patients with reumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2006; 45: 106–111Kapetanovic M.C., Saxne T., Sjoholm A. et al. Influenza of methotrexate, TNF blockers and prednisolone on antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in patients with reumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2006; 45: 106–111Сидоренко С.В., Королёва И.С., Харит С.М. и др. Пневмококковая инфекция в России ― эпидемиологическая ситуация. Педиатрическая фармакология. 2010; 7 (4): 12–18.Сидоренко С.В., Королёва И.С., Харит С.М. и др. Пневмококковая инфекция в России ― эпидемиологическая ситуация. Педиатрическая фармакология. 2010; 7 (4): 12–18.Lahiri T., Waltz D.A. Pre–immunization anti–pneumococcal antibody levels are protective in a majority of patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatrics. 2001; 108: 62.Lahiri T., Waltz D.A. Pre–immunization anti–pneumococcal antibody levels are protective in a majority of patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatrics. 2001; 108: 62.American Academy of Pediatrics. Pneumococcal infections. In: Red book: report of the committee on infectious diseases. Ed. Pickering L.K. NY: American Academy of Pediatrics. 2000. Р. 458–459.American Academy of Pediatrics. Pneumococcal infections. In: Red book: report of the committee on infectious diseases. Ed. Pickering L.K. NY: American Academy of Pediatrics. 2000. Р. 458–459.Vaccine Information for the Public and Health Professionals http://www.vaccineinformation.org/pneumchild/qandavax.aspVaccine Information for the Public and Health Professionals http://www.vaccineinformation.org/pneumchild/qandavax.aspWhitney C.G., Farley M.M., Hadler J. et al. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003; 348 (18): 1737–1746.Whitney C.G., Farley M.M., Hadler J. et al. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003; 348 (18): 1737–1746.Fainstein V., Musher D., Cate T.R. Bacterial adherences to pharyngeal cells during viral infection. J. Infect. Dis. 1980; 141: 172–176.Fainstein V., Musher D., Cate T.R. Bacterial adherences to pharyngeal cells during viral infection. J. Infect. Dis. 1980; 141: 172–176.Whitley R.J., Hayden F.G., Reisinger K.S. et al. Oral oseltamivir treatment of influenza in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2001; 20: 127–133.Whitley R.J., Hayden F.G., Reisinger K.S. et al. Oral oseltamivir treatment of influenza in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2001; 20: 127–133.Monto A.S. Zanamivir prophylaxis: An effective strategy for the prevention of influenza types A and B within households. J. Inf. Dis. – 2002; 186 (11): 1582–1588.Monto A.S. Zanamivir prophylaxis: An effective strategy for the prevention of influenza types A and B within households. J. Inf. Dis. – 2002; 186 (11): 1582–1588.Shun–Shin M. Neuraminidase inhibitors for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza in children: Systematic review and meta–analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2009; 339: 3172.Shun–Shin M. Neuraminidase inhibitors for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza in children: Systematic review and meta–analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2009; 339: 3172.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.