Vaccinal Prevention of the Diseases Caused by Human Papillomavirus: Evidence-Based Medicine. Review of Clinical Guidelines

The article is devoted to the urgent problem of papillomavirus infection, the extremely high prevalence of which determines the key contribution to the structure of morbidity and mortality from oncological diseases. A chronic persistent course, resulting in benign and malignant tumors in the infection atrium, makes scientists seek new ways of treatment. A specific vaccinal prevention is recognized to be the only reliable protection method today. The article is an updated review of the clinical guidelines developed and approved by the professional association «Union of Pediatricians of Russia» in 2016 for a vaccinal prevention of the diseases caused by human papillomavirus, first published on pediatr-russia.ru. The widespread introduction of vaccines against human papillomavirus, which have confirmed the clinical efficacy and safety, can significantly reduce the global burden of diseases associated with papillomavirus infection.

vaccinal prevention, human papillomavirus

1. hpvcenter.se [Internet]. International Human Papillomavirus Reference Center. Human papillomavirus reference clones, 2014. [cited 2014 Sep 9]. Available from: http://www.hpvcenter.se/html/refclones.html.

2. Doorbar J, Quint W, Banks L, et al. The biology and life-cycle of human papillomaviruses. Vaccine. 2012;30 Suppl 5:F55–F70. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.083.

3. Kreimer AR, Clifford GM, Boyle P, Franceschi S. Human papilloma-virus types in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas worldwide: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2005;14(2):467–475. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0551.

4. Parkin DM, Bray F. Chapter 2: The burden of HPV-related cancers. Vaccine. 2006;24 Suppl 3:S11–25. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.111.

5. Parkin DM. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. Int J Cancer. 2006;118(12):3030–3044. doi: 10.1002/ijc.21731.

6. Garland SM, Steben M, Sings HL, et al. Natural history of genital warts: analysis of the placebo arm of 2 randomized phase III trials of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) vaccine. J Infect Dis. 2009;199(6):805–814. doi: 10.1086/597071.

7. Lacey CJ, Lowndes CM, Shah KV. Chapter 4: Burden and management of non-cancerous HPV-related conditions: HPV-6/11 disease. Vaccine. 2006;24 Suppl 3:S35–41. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.06.015.

8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Cervical cancer screening among women aged 18–30 years — United States, 2000–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;61(51–52): 1038–1042.

9. Прилепская В.Н., Зардиашвили М.Д., Хлебкова Ю.С., Некрасова М.Е. Вакцинация против ВПЧ-ассоциированных заболеваний и рака шейки матки: теоретические и практические аспекты // Медицинский совет. — 2016. — № 12 — С. 120–125. [Prilepskaya VN, Zardiashvili MD, Khlebkova YS, Nekrasova ME. Vaccination against HPV-associated diseases and cervical cancer: theoretical and practical aspects. Medical Council. 2016;(12): 120–125. (In Russ).] doi: 10.21518/2079-701x-2016-12-120-125.

10. Plummer M, de Martel C, Vignat J, et al. Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2012: a synthetic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2016;4(9):e609–616. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30143-7.

11. Bruni L, Barrionuevo-Rosas L, Albero G, et al. Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases Report [Internet]. Summary Report posted at www.hpvcentre.net on 19 April 2017 [cited 2017 Apr 19]. Available from: http://www.hpvcentre.net/statistics/reports/XWX.pdf.

12. Вакцины против вируса папилломы человека. Документ по позиции ВОЗ. [Human papillomavirus vaccines WHO position paper. (In Russ).] Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2009;84(15):117–132.

13. Bruni L, Diaz M, Castellsague X, et al. Cervical human papillomavirus prevalence in 5 continents: meta-analysis of 1 million women with normal cytological findings. J Infect Dis. 2010;202(12): 1789–1799. doi: 10.1086/657321.

14. Bruni L, Barrionuevo-Rosas L, Albero G, et al. Russian Federation: Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases Report [Internet]. Summary Report posted at www.hpvcentre.net on 7 October 2016 [cited 2017 Jan 12]. Available from: http://www.hpvcentre.net/statistics/reports/XWX.pdf.

15. Краснопольский В.И., Логутова Л.С., Зароченцева Н.В., и др. Эффективность вакцинопрофилактики ВПЧ-ассоциированных заболеваний и рака шейки матки в Московской области // Альманах клинической медицины. — 2015. — № 37 — С. 105–110. [Krasnopol’skiy VI, Logutova LS, Zarochentseva NV, et al. Efficacy of vaccine prevention of HPV-associated diseases and cervical cancer in the Moscow region. Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2015;(37):105–110. (In Russ).] doi: 10.18786/2072-0505-2015-37-105-110.

16. Состояние онкологической помощи населению России в 2015 году / Под ред. Каприна А.Д., Старинского В.В., Петровой Г.В. — М.: МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена; 2016. — 236 с. [Sostoyanie onkologicheskoi pomoshchi naseleniyu Rossii v 2015 godu. Ed by Kaprin A.D., Starinskii V.V., Petrova G.V. Moscow: MNIOI im. P.A. Gertsena; 2016. 236 p. (In Russ).]

17. Свирская С.В., Егорова А.Т. Современное состояние проблемы заболеваемости и инвалидности у женщин, больных раком шейки матки // Сибирское медицинское обозрение. — 2011. — № 3 — С. 3–8. [Svirskaja SV, Egorova AT. Up-to-date morbidity and disability of women with cervical cancer. Siberian medical review. 2011;(3):3–8. (In Russ).]

18. Kyrgiou M, Koliopoulos G, Martin-Hirsch P, et al. Obstetric outcomes after conservative treatment for intraepithelial or early invasive cervical lesions: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2006;367(9509):489–498. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68181-6.

19. Crane JM. Pregnancy outcome after loop electrosurgical excision procedure: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102 (5 Pt 1):1058–1062. doi: 10.1097/00006250-200311000-00031.

20. Giuliano AR, Lazcano E, Villa LL, et al. Circumcision and sexual behavior: factors independently associated with human papillomavirus detection among men in the HIM study. Int J Cancer. 2009;124(6):1251–1257. doi: 10.1002/ijc.24097.

21. Андосова Л.Д., Конторщикова К.Н., Блатова О.Л. и др. Использование технологии ПЦР в реальном времени для выявления и дифференциации вирусов папилломы человека высокого канцерогенного риска // Клиническая лабораторная диагностика. — 2011. — № 7 — С. 42–44. [Andosova LD, Kontorschikova KN, Blatova OL, et al. The implementation of polymerase chain reaction technique: the real time to reveal and differentiate the viruses of human papilloma of high carcinogenic risk. Klin Lab Diagn. 2011;(7):42–44. (In Russ).]

22. Евстигнеева Н.П. Moлекулярное генотипирование вируса папилломы человека в Уральском регионе. Современные проблемы дерматовенерологии, иммунологии и врачебной косметологии: Автореф. дис. … докт. мед. наук. — М.; 2007. [Evstigneeva NP. Molekulyarnoe genotipirovanie virusa papillomy cheloveka v Ural’skom regione. Sovremennye problemy dermatovenerologii, immunologii i vrachebnoi kosmetologii. [dissertation abstract] Moscow; 2007. (In Russ).]

23. Shipitsyna E, Zolotoverkhaya E, Kuevda D, et аl. Prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus types and cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in women over 30 years of age in St. Petersburg, Russia. Cancer Epidemiol. 2011;35(2):160–164. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2010.08.010.

24. Шипулина О.Ю., Михеева И.В., Романюк Т.Н. и др. Оценка частоты выявления ИППП и вирусов папилломы человека высокого и низкого онкогенного риска среди девушек-подростков Московской области // Эпидемиология и вакцинопрофилактика. — 2011. — № 6 — С. 35–41. [Shipulina OYu, Mikheeva IV, Romanyuk TN, et al. Assessment of frequency of occurrence of sexually transmitted infections and Human Papilloma Viruses of high and low oncogenic risk among adolescent girls of Moscow Region. Epidemiol Vakcinoprofil. 2011;(6):35–41. (In Russ).]

25. Лялина Л.В. Эпидемиологические закономерности злокачественных новообразований, ассоциированных с хроническими вирусными инфекциями, и развитие системы эпидемиологического надзора: Автореф. дис. … докт. мед. наук. — СПб; 2005. — 44 с. [Lyalina LV. Epidemiologicheskie zakonomernosti zlokachestvennykh novoobrazovanii, assotsiirovannykh s khronicheskimi virusnymi infektsiyami, i razvitie sistemy epidemiologicheskogo nadzora. [dissertation abstract] St. Petersburg; 2005. 44 p. (In Russ).]

26. Шаргородская А.В., Шипулина О.Ю., Романюк Т.Н., и др. Об особенностях передачи папилломавирусной инфекции // Мать и дитя в Кузбассе. — 2011. — № 1. — С. 335—338. [Shargorodskaya AV, Shipulina OYu, Romanyuk TN, et al. Ob osobennostyakh peredachi papillomavirusnoi infektsii. Mat’ i ditya v Kuzbasse. 2011;(1):335–338. (In Russ).]

27. Bosch FX, Lorincz A, Munoz N, et al. The causal relation between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. J Clin Pathol. 2002;55(4):244–265. doi: 10.1136/jcp.55.4.244.

28. Вакцины против папилломавирусной инфекции человека: документ по позиции ВОЗ. [Human papillomavirus vaccines: WHO position paper, October 2014. (In Russ).] Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2014;89(43):465–492.

29. Профилактика рака шейки матки. Руководство для врачей / Под ред. Сухих Г.Т., Прилепской В.Н. 3-е изд. перераб. и допол. — М.: МЕДпрессинформ; 2012. — 192 с. [Profilaktika raka sheiki matki. Rukovodstvo dlya vrachei. Ed by Sukhikh G.T., Prilepskaya V.N. 3rd ed. Moscow: MEDpressinform; 2012. 192 p. (In Russ).]

30. Злокачественные образования в России в 2014 г. Заболеваемость и смертность / Под ред. Каприна А.Д., Старинского В.В., Петровой В.Г. — М.: МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена; 2016. [Zlokachestvennye obrazovaniya v Rossii v 2014 g. Zabolevaemost’ i smertnost’. Ed by Kaprin A.D., Starinskii V.V., Petrova V.G. Moscow: MNIOI im. P.A. Gertsena; 2016. (In Russ).] Доступно по: http://www.oncology.ru/service/statistics/malignant_tumors/2014.pdf. Ссылка активна на 16.02.2017.

31. Johnson LG, Madeleine MM, Newcomer LM, et al. Anal cancer incidence and survival: the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results experience, 1973-2000. Cancer. 2004;101(2):281–288. doi: 10.1002/cncr.20364.

32. nlm.nih.gov [Internet]. National Cancer Institute. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. SEER 9 registries. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute; 2010; [cited 2014 Sep 9]. Available from: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/sourcereleasedocs/current/NCISEER/.

33. Daling JR, Madeleine MM, Johnson LG, et al. Human papillomavirus, smoking, and sexual practices in the etiology of anal cancer. Cancer. 2004;101(2):270–280. doi: 10.1002/cncr.20365.

34. Bosch FX, de Sanjose S. Chapter 1: Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer—burden and assessment of causality. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2003;2003(31):3–13. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a003479.

35. Состояние онкологической помощи населению России в 2013 г. / Под ред. Каприна А.Д., Старинского В.В., Петровой В.Г. — М.: МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена; 2013. [Sostoyanie onkologicheskoi pomoshchi naseleniyu Rossii v 2013 g. Ed by Kaprin A.D., Starinskii V.V., Petrova V.G.Moscow: MNIOI im. P.A. Gertsena; 2013. (In Russ).] Доступно по: http://www.oncology.ru/service/statistics/condition/2013.pdf. Ссылка активна на 16.02.2017.

36. Jo S, Juhasz A, Zhang K, et al. Human papillomavirus infection as a prognostic factor in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas treated in a prospective phase II clinical trial. Anticancer Res. 2009;29(5):1467–1474.

37. Patel H, Wagner M, Singhal P, Kothari S. Systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of genital warts. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:39. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-39.

38. Gillison ML. Human papillomavirus–associated head and neck cancer is a distinct epidemiologic, clinical, and molecular entity. Semin Oncol. 2004;31(6):744–754. doi: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2004.09.011.

39. Кубанова А.А., Кубанов А.А., Мелехина Л.Е., и др. Результаты анализа деятельности медицинских организаций дерматовенерологического профиля в Российской Федерации за 2012 г. // Вестник дерматологии и венерологии. — 2013. — № 5 — С. 21–39. [Kubanova AA, Kubanov AA, Melekhina LE, et al. Results of the analysis of dermatovenereologic healthcare organizations activity in Russian Federation in 2012. Vestn Dermatol Venerol. 2013;(5):21–39. (In Russ).]

40. Sinal SH, Woods CR. Human papillomavirus infections of the genital and respiratory tracts in young children. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 2005;16(4):306–316. doi: 10.1053/j.spid.2005.06.010.

41. Ленкин С.Г. Заболеваемость инфекциями, передаваемыми половым путем, по возрастным характеристикам // Современные проблемы науки и образования. — 2015. — № 3 — С. 119. [Lenkin SG. The incidence of sexually transmitted infections in different age. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya. 2015;(3):119. (In Russ).] Доступно по: https://www.science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=19347. Ссылка активна на 20.04.2017.

42. Лялина Л.В. Эпидемиологическое, социальное и экономическое обоснование вакцинации против папилломавирусной инфекции в Санкт-Петербурге // Инфекция и иммунитет. — 2014. — T. 4. — № 2 — С. 181–186. [Lyalina LV. Epidemiological, social and economic evidences of vaccination against human papillomavirus infection in Saint-Petersburg. Russian journal of infection and immunity. 2014;4(2):181–186. (In Russ).] doi: 10.15789/2220-7619-2014-2-181-186.

43. Trends in anogenital warts and anogenital herpes simplex virusinfection in the United Kingdom: 1996 to 2005. CDR Weekly Online [Internet]. 2006 Nov [cited 2016 Dec 15];16(48): [about 4 p.]. Available from: http://www.hpa.org.uk/cdr/archives/2006/cdr4806.pdf.

44. Соловьев А.М., Чернова Н.И. Фармакотерапия рецидивирующих клинических проявлений генитальной папил ломавирусной инфекции // РМЖ. — 2015. — T. 23. — № 11 — С. 621–625. [Solov’ev AM, Chernova NI. Farmakoterapiya retsidiviruyushchikh klinicheskikh proyavlenii genital’noi papillomavirusnoi infektsii. RMZh. 2015;23(11):621–625. (In Russ).]

45. monographs.iarc.fr [Internet]. WHО International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: human papillomaviruses. Vol. 90. Lyon: IARC; 2007 [cited 2014 Sep 9]. Available from: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol90/mono90.pdf.

46. Singhal P, Naswa S, Marfatia YS. Pregnancy and sexually transmitted viral infections. Indian J Sex Transm Dis. 2009;30(2): 71–78. doi: 10.4103/0253-7184.62761.

47. Walboomers JL, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol. 1999;189(1):12–19. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199909)189:1<12::AID-PATH431>3.0.CO;2-F.

48. Ali H, Donovan B, Wand H, et al. Genital warts in young Australians five years into national human papillomavirus vaccination programme: national surveillance data. BMJ. 2013;346:f2032. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f2032. Erratum in BMJ. 2013;346:F2942.

49. Crowe E, Pandeya N, Brotherton JM, et al. Effectiveness of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine for the prevention of cervical abnormalities: case–control study nested within a population based screening programme in Australia. BMJ. 2014;348:g1458. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g1458.

50. Bauer HM, Wright G, Chow J. Evidence of human papillomavirus vaccine effectiveness in reducing genital warts: an analysis of California public family planning administrative claims data, 2007–2010. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(5):833–835. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300465.

51. Delere Y, Remschmidt C, Leuschner J, et al. Human papillomavirus prevalence and probable first effects of vaccination in 20 to 25 yearold women in Germany: a population-based cross-sectional study via home-based self-sampling. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:87. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-87.

52. Flagg EW, Schwartz R, Weinstock H. Prevalence of anogenital warts among participants in private health plans in the United States, 2003–2010: potential impact of human papillomavirus vaccination. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(8):1428–1435. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301182.

53. Gertig DM, Brotherton JM, Budd AC, et al. Impact of a populationbased HPV vaccination program on cervical abnormalities: a data linkage study. BMC Med. 2013;11:227. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-227.

54. Leval A, Herweijer E, Ploner A, et al. Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine effectiveness: a Swedish national cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105(7):469–474. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djt032.

55. cdc.gov [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Human papillomavirus. HPV Vaccine Coverage Maps — Infographic [cited 2017 Jan 12]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/infographics/vacc-coverage.html.

56. Зароченцева Н.В., Белая Ю.М. Современный взгляд на остроконечные кондиломы: возможности лечения и профилактики // Российский вестник акушера-гинеколога. — 2017. — T. 17. — № 1 — С. 109–112. [Zarochentseva NV, Belaya YuM. Present views on genital warts: Possibilities for treatment and prevention. Rossiiskii vestnik akushera-ginekologa. 2017;17(1): 109–112. (In Russ).] doi: 10.17116/rosakush2017171109-112.

57. Рудакова А.В. Фармакоэкономические аспекты применения 4-валентной вакцины против вируса папилломы человека (обзор зарубежных исследований) // Фармакоэкономика. — 2012. — T. 5. — № 4 — С. 38–43. [Rudakova AV. Pharmacoeconomic aspects of quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus use (foreign research review). Farmakoekonomika. 2012;5(4):38–43. (In Russ).]

58. Human papillomavirus vaccines. WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2009;84(15):118–131.

59. Дьяков И.А. Фармакоэкономическая эффективность квадривалентной вакцины для профилактики ВПЧ-ассоциированных заболеваний // Медицинский совет. — 2016. — № 19 — С. 103–108. [Dyakov IA. Pharmacoeconomic efficiency of quadrivalent vaccine to prevent HPV-associated diseases. Medical Council. 2016;(19):103–108. (In Russ).] doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2016-19-103-108.

60. Garland SM, Kjaer SK, Munoz N, et al. Impact and effectiveness of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine: a systematic review of 10 years of real-world experience. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(4):519–527. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw354.

61. Kojic EM, Kang M, Cespedes MS, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in HIV-1-infected women. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(1):127–135. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu238.

62. Wilkin T, Lee JY, Lensing SY, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in HIV-1-infected men. J Infect Dis. 2010;202(8):1246–1253. doi: 10.1086/656320.

63. Levin MJ, Moscicki AB, Song LY, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16 and 18) vaccine in HIV-infected children 7 to 12 years old. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;55(2):197–204. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181de8d26.

64. Kahn JA, Xu J, Kapogiannis BG, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of the human papillomavirus 6, 11, 16, 18 vaccine in HIV-infected young women. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(5):735–744. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit319.

65. Moro PL, Zheteyeva Y, Lewis P, et al. Safety of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (Gardasil) inpregnancy: adverse events among non-manufacturer reports in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, 2006–2013. Vaccine. 2015;33(4): 519–522. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.047.

66. Goss MA, Lievano F, Buchanan KM, et al. Final report on exposure during pregnancy from a pregnancy registry for quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine. Vaccine. 2015;33(29):3422–3428. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.014.