DOSAGE OF VITAMIN D IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
https://doi.org/10.15690/vsp.v14i1.1261
Abstract
The data of modern basic and clinical studies demonstrate that commonly used rates of the recommended daily intake of vitamin D for children (400–500 IU/day) are significantly underestimated. The article presents the results of survey and clinical studies (n =21), in which the positive dynamics of 25(OH)D concentration in the blood plasma during intake of vitamin D is noted in children and adolescents aged from 0 to 18 years. The duration of vitamin D intake in the analysed studies was from 1 to 12 months, the dose — from 800 to 4000 IU/day. According to the results of the age-specific analysis, the staircase scheme of vitamin D prescription is offered: for children aged under 4 months the daily intake of 500 IU/day of the vitamin is recommended during a year (for premature — 800-1000 IU/day), aged from 4 months to 4 years — 1000 IU/day, 4–10 years — 1500 IU/day, 10–16 years — 2000 IU/day. Therewith, this achieves the effective compensation of vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D concentration >20 ng/ml), and also, according to some reports, the reduction of risks of infectious and allergic diseases. Safety of the recommended vitamin D intake mode is shown.
About the Authors
O. A. Gromova
Ivanovo State Medical Academy, Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
I. Yu. Torshin
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
I. N. Zakharova
Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
V. B. Spirichev
Research Institute of Nutrition, Moscow, Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
O. A. Limanova
Ivanovo State Medical Academy, Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
T. E. Borovik
Scientific Centre of Children Health, Moscow, Russian Federation
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
G V. Yatsyk
Scientific Centre of Children Health, Moscow, Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
References
1. Normy fiziologicheskikh potrebnostei v energii i pishchevykh veshchestvakh dlya razlichnykh grupp naseleniya Rossiiskoi Federatsii. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii MR 2.3.1.2432 ot 18 dekabrya 2008 [Standard of Physiological Needs for Energy and Nutrients for Different Groups of Population in the Russian Federation. Guidelines MR 2.3.1.2432 dated December 18, 2008]. Moscow, 76 p.
2. Zakharova I.N., Dmitrieva Yu.A., Yablochkova S.V., Evseeva E.A. Insufficiency and deficiency of Vitamin D - What's new? Voprosy sovremennoi pediatrii = Current pediatrics. 2014; 13 (1): 134–140.
3. Holick M.F., Binkley N.C., Bischoff-Ferrari H.A. Endocrine Society. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011; 96 (7): 1911–1930.
4. Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Yu. Vitaminy i mineraly mezhdu Stsilloi i Kharibdoi. Pod red. E.I. Guseva, V.B. Spiricheva [Vitamins and Minerals Between Scylla and Charybdis. Ed. E.I. Gusev, V.B. Spirichev]. Moscow, MTsNMO, 2013. 693 p.
5. Torshin I.Yu., Gromova O.A. Ekspertnyi analiz dannykh v molekulyarnoi farmakologii [Expert Analysis of Data in Molecular Pharmacology]. Moscow, MTsNMO, 2013. 684 p.
6. Shmakin A.B. Development of climatological research at the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Izvestiya RAN = Proceedings of the Academy of sciences. 2008; 5: 95–105.
7. Holick MF. Vitamin D: extraskeletal health. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 2012; 38 (1): 141–160.
8. Halm B.M., Lai J.F., Pagano I., Cooney W., Soon R.A., Franke A.A. Vitamin D deficiency in cord plasma from multiethnic subjects living in the tropics. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2013; 32 (4): 215–223.
9. Ng K., Scott J.B., Drake B.F., Chan A.T., Hollis B.W., Chandler P.D., Bennett G.G., Giovannucci E.L. Dose response to vitamin D supplementation in African Americans: results of a 4-arm, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014; 99 (3): 587–598.
10. Desai N.S., Tukvadze N., Frediani J.K., Kipiani M., Sanikidze E., Nichols M.M., Hebbar G., Kempker R.R., Mirtskhulava V., Kalandadze I., Seydafkan S., Sutaria N., Chen T.C., Blumberg H.M., Ziegler T.R., Tangpricha V. Effects of sunlight and diet on vitamin D status of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Tbilisi, Georgia. Nutrition. 2012; 28 (4): 362–366.
11. Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Yu., Uchaikin V.F., Limanova O.A. The role of vitamin D in maintaining anti-TB, anti-virus and anti-infectious general immunity. Infektsionnye bolezni = Infectious diseases. 2014; 12: 65–74.
12. Faurschou A., Beyer D. M., Schmedes A., Bogh M. K., Philipsen P. A., Wulf H. C. The relation between sunscreen layer thickness and vitamin D production after ultraviolet B exposure: a randomized clinical trial. Brit. J. Dermatol. 2012; 167 (2): 391– 395. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365–2133.
13. Makarov G.A. The mechanism of disorders of synthetic processes in tissues against the backdrop of prolonged inactivity. Patologicheskaya fiziologiya i eksperimental'naya terapiya = Pathological physiology and experimental therapy. 1974; 4: 41–45.
14. Zakharova I.N., Mal'tsev S.V., Borovik, G.V. Yatsyk T.E., Malyavskaya S.I., Vakhlova I.V., Shumatova T.A., Romantsova E.B., Romanyuk F.P., Klimov L.Ya., T.N. Elkina, Pirozhkova N.I., Kolesnikova S.M., Kur'yaninova V.A., Vasil'eva S.V., Mozzhukhina M.V., Evseeva E.A. Results of a multicenter study "fontanelle" for the study of vitamin D deficiency in young children in Russia. Pediatriya. Zhurnal im. G.N. Speranskogo = PEDIATRIYA-MOSCOW. 2015; 1: 62–70.
15. Torshin I.Yu. Bioinformatics in the post-genomic era: physiology and medicine. NY, USA: Nova Biomedical Books. 2007.
16. Tits N.U. Klinicheskaya otsenka laboratornykh testov [Clinical Evaluation of Laboratory Tests]. Moscow, 2012. 452 p.
17. Heaney R.P. Assessing vitamin D status. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care. 2011; 14 (5): 440–444.
18. Holick M.F. Vitamin D deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007; 357: 266–281.
19. El-Hajj Fuleihan G., Nabulsi M., Tamim H., Maalouf J., Salamoun M., Khalife H., Choucair M., Arabi A., Vieth R. Effect of vitamin D replacement on musculoskeletal parameters in school children: a randomized controlled trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2006; 91: 405–412.
20. Ziegler E.E., Nelson S.E., Jeter J.M. Vitamin D supplementation of breastfed infants: a randomized dose-response trial. Pediatr. Res. 2014; 76 (2): 177–183.
21. Natarajan C.K., Sankar M.J., Agarwal R., Pratap O.T., Jain V., Gupta N., Gupta A.K., Deorari A.K., Paul V.K., Sreenivas V. Trial of daily vitamin D supplementation in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2014; 133 (3): 628–634.
22. Wagner C.L., McNeil R., Hamilton S.A., Winkler J., Rodriguez Cook C., Warner G. A randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation in 2 community health center networks in South Carolina. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2013; 208 (2): 137e1–13.
23. Grant C.C., Stewart A.W., Scragg R., Milne T., Rowden J., Ekeroma A., Wall C., Mitchell E.A., Crengle S., Trenholme A., Crane J., Camargo C.A., Jr. Vitamin D during pregnancy and infancy and infant serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration. Pediatrics. 2014; 133 (1): 143–153.
24. Oberhelman S.S., Meekins M.E., Fischer P.R., Lee B.R. Maternal vitamin D supplementation to improve the vitamin D status of breast-fed infants: a randomized controlled trial. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2013; 88 (12): 1378–1387.
25. Ala-Houhala M., Koskinen T., Terho A., Koivula T., Visakorpi J. Maternal compared with infant vitamin D supplementation. Arch. Dis. Child. 1986; 61 (12): 1159–1163.
26. Camargo C.A., Jr, Rifas-Shiman S.L., Litonjua A.A., Rich-Edwards J.W., Weiss S.T., Gold D.R., Kleinman K., Gillman M.W. Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of recurrent wheeze in children at 3 y of age. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007; 85 (3): 788–795.
27. Grant C.C., Kaur S., Waymouth E., Mitchell E.A., Scragg R., Ekeroma A., Stewart A., Crane J., Trenholme A., Camargo C.A., Jr. Reduced primary care respiratory infection visits following pregnancy and infancy vitamin D supplementation: a randomised controlled trial. Acta Paediatr. 2014; 11–19.
28. Al-Shaar L., Mneimneh R., Nabulsi M., Maalouf J., Fuleihan Gel-H. Vitamin D3 dose requirement to raise 25-hydroxyvitamin D to desirable levels in adolescents: results from a randomized controlled trial. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2014; 29 (4): 944–951.
29. Nader N.S., Aguirre Castaneda R., Wallace J., Singh R., Weaver A., Kumar S. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on serum 25(OH)D, lipids and markers of insulin resistance in obese adolescents: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Horm. Res. Paediatr. 2014; 82 (2): 107–112.
30. Radhakishun N.N., van Vliet M., Poland D.C., Weijer O., Beijnen J.H., Brandjes D.P., Diamant M., von Rosenstiel I.A. Efficacy and tolerability of a high loading dose (25,000 IU weekly) vitamin D3 supplementation in obese children with vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency. Horm. Res. Paediatr. 2014; 82 (2): 103–106.
31. Walker G.E., Ricotti R., Roccio M., Moia S., Bellone S., Prodam F., Bona G. Pediatric obesity and vitamin D deficiency: a proteomic approach identifies multimericadiponectin as a key link between these conditions. PLoS One. 2014; 9 (1): 83685.
32. Wingate K.E., Jacobson K., Issenman R., Carroll M., Barker C., Israel D., Brill H., Weiler H., Barr S.I., Li W., Lyon M.R., Green T.J. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in children with Crohn'sdisease supplemented with either 2000 or 400 IU daily for 6 months: a randomized controlled study. J. Pediatr. 2014; 164 (4): 860–865.
33. Khadgawat R., Marwaha R.K., Garg M.K., Ramot R., Oberoi A.K., Sreenivas V., Gahlot M., Mehan N., Mathur P., Gupta N. Impact of vitamin D fortified milk supplementation on vitamin D status of healthy school children aged 10–14 years. Osteoporos Int. 2013; 24 (8): 2335–2343.
34. Abrams S.A., Hawthorne K.M., Chen Z. Supplementation with 1000 IU vitamin D/d leads to parathyroid hormone suppression, but not increased fractional calcium absorption, in 4-8-y-old children: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013; 97 (1): 217–223.
35. Maalouf J., Nabulsi M., Vieth R., Kimball S., El-Rassi R., Mahfoud Z., El-Hajj Fuleihan G. Short- and long-term safety of weekly high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in school children. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008; 93 (7): 2693–2701.
36. McNally J.D., Iliriani K., Pojsupap S., Sampson M., O'Hearn K., McIntyre L., Fergusson D., Menon K. Rapid Normalization of Vitamin D Levels: A Meta-Analysis. Pediatrics. 2015; 135 (1): 152–166.
37. Pojsupap S., Iliriani K., Sampaio T.Z., O'Hearn K., Kovesi T., Menon K., McNally J.D. Efficacy of high-dose vitamin D in pediatric asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Asthma. 2014; 21: P. 1–9.
38. Ganmaa D., Giovannucci E., Bloom B.R., Fawzi W., Burr W., Batbaatar D., Sumberzul N., Holick M.F., Willett W.C. Vitamin D, tuberculin skin test conversion, and latent tuberculosis in Mongolian school-age children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled feasibility trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012; 96 (2): 391–396.
39. Marchisio P., Consonni D., Baggi E., Zampiero A., Bianchini S., Terranova L., Tirelli S., Esposito S., Principi N. Vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of acute otitis media in otitis-prone children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2013; 32 (10): 1055–1060.
40. Camargo C.A., Jr, Ganmaa D., Sidbury R., Erdenedelger Kh., Radnaakhand N., Khandsuren B. Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation for winter-related atopic dermatitis in children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2014; 134 (4): 831–835.
41. Urashima M., Segawa T., Okazaki M., Kurihara M., Wada Y., Ida H. Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010; 91 (5): 1255–1260.
42. Mikati M.A., Dib L., Yamout B., Sawaya R., Rahi A.C., Fuleihan Gel-H. Two randomized vitamin D trials in ambulatory patients on anticonvulsants: impact on bone. Neurology. 2006; 67 (11): 2005–2014.
43. Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Yu., Pronin A.V. Pharmacology of water-soluble form of vitamin D on the basis of the micelles. Farmateka = Pharmateca. 2015; 1: 46–49.
44. Spirichev V.B., Gromova O.A. Vitamin D and its synergists. Zemskii vrach = Country doctor. 2012; 2: 16–19.
Review
For citations:
Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Yu., Zakharova I.N., Spirichev V.B., Limanova O.A., Borovik T.E., Yatsyk G.V. DOSAGE OF VITAMIN D IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS. Current Pediatrics. 2015;14(1):38-47. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15690/vsp.v14i1.1261
Views:
241072
Email this article 
