This article examines the dynamics of perinatal mortality in Moscow, England and Wales, and the Netherlands at 1939-1949 according to archival data. The results have shown that perinatal mortality in Moscow has decreased during the period from 1939 to 1947, despite the war years’ difficulties and the famine of 1946-1947. This trend changed in the following years: perinatal mortality in 1949 has reached the values close to 1941. Similar trends were found in the Netherlands suffered from severe famine in the second half of 1944 — first half of 1945. However, perinatal mortality decreased in the Netherlands, England and Wale mainly due to stillbirth, while in Moscow due to early neonatal mortality.

This article presents historical data on the creation and development of the health service for young pioneers at Russian Red Cross. Zinoviy Petrovich Soloviev, outstanding organizer of health care, scientist and teacher, led the organization from 1919 to 1928. During the study, we have analyzed documents from the State Archive of Russian Federation and previously published scientific works on this topic. It was established that specialists of the health service for young pioneers have created primary care centers, medical and preventive care rooms, summer camps, and first pioneer camp / health camp “Artek" to preserve and strengthen younger generation health. The obtained data has revealed features of all measures taken by Russian Red Cross specialists in preserving young pioneers health in 1920-s, as well as pay tribute to the memory of Z.P. Soloviev as it will be his 150 anniversary in 2026.

This article is devoted to the work of children’s hospitals in Moscow during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Employees of pediatric hospitals heroically fought at the front. Evacuation hospitals were deployed in three large children’s hospitals to manage wounded and sick soldiers and civilians. Children’s hospitals in the capital have continued to provide all the help to the population during the continuance of the war even during the state of siege at the fall and winter of 1941. Health workers provided assistance to victims of the bombing, defended the city’s infrastructure, built defensive lines, and trained sanitary vigilantes. This article analyzes the contribution of Moscow children’s hospitals employees to the victory over fascism.

Childhood obesity is crucial medical and social issue due to development of metabolic complications, chronic low-grade inflammation, and insulin resistance as the key factor of metabolic syndrome. Thus, the search of safe and effective methods for prevention and management of childhood obesity remains relevant. The efficacy of obesity complex therapy can be enhanced via nutraceuticals — dietary supplements with established positive effect on health. This review analyzes wide range of nutraceuticals (omega 3 fatty acids, probiotics, inositols, berberine, diindolylmethane, etc.), their mode of action, efficacy and safety indicators, and administration features.

The genetic predisposition to sports activities and achieving results remains the urgent topic of scientific research. This review covers analysis results of genetic factors associated with training level among professional athletes, including adolescents and young men; notes genetic markers and mechanisms determining unusual abilities in various sports. The role of human genetics in specific activities, such as martial arts and endurance sports, genetic aspects of athletes’ psychological resilience are discussed focusing on recent research in this field.

Background. The decline in vaccination coverage aggravated during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to increased vaccine-preventable diseases morbidity. Under the circumstances immunization monitoring according to medical records allows us to reveal any issues in preventive vaccination and increase preventive measures efficacy. Objective. The aim of the study is to examine the immunization and vaccination coverage of children in Moscow according to the national and regional immunization schedules. Methods. Cross sectional comparative study was based on examination of 600 medical records of children: group 1 — children aged from 6 months to 11 months and 29 days; group 2 — from 2 years to 4 years 11 months and 29 days; group 3 — from 6 years to 8 years 11 months and 29 days; group 4 — from 14 years to 15 years 11 months and 29 days. Results. BCG-M immunization rates in all age groups were 97.4% and higher. High immunization level was noted among adolescents against measles, rubella, and parotitis — 97.3%, hepatitis B — 95.3%, viral poliomyelitis in children 6-8 years old — 88.7%, and 14-15 years old — 98.7%. The overall immunization level against other infections is low: against pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus — 64.5%, pneumococcal disease — 42.3%, hemophilic infection type b — 29.5%, rotavirus infection — 26.1%, influenza — 23.8%, varicella — 6.2%, hepatitis A — 4.2%, meningococcal infection — 3.9%. Conclusion. Vaccination coverage against tuberculosis among children of all ages in Moscow reaches almost 100%. High level of immunization and vaccination coverage was established in adolescents against hepatitis B, measles, rubella, and parotitis; vaccination rates against these infections in young children were characterized as insufficient. However, immunization and vaccination coverage against all infections from the national immunization schedule are statistically significantly higher than similar levels from 2018-2019, before COVID-19 pandemic. The level of vaccination according to the regional calendar of preventive vaccinations is insufficient for all infections.

Background. Netherton syndrome is a genetic disease characterized by combination of ichthyosiform erythroderma, hair growth abnormalities, and severe atopic dermatitis with a high total IgE levels in the blood serum. However, beside the described “triad", patients with Netherton syndrome can have growth and physical development delays. In most cases, it is associated with severe course of the underlying condition, but in some cases, the cause of short stature is hypopituitarism with somatotropin deficiency. Case description. The patient with confirmed Netherton syndrome was hospitalized with physical development delay and short stature, as well as a severe course of the underlying disease with ichthyosiform erythroderma development. Patient was administered with IL-4/13 inhibitor, dupilumab, according to the off-label indication due to severe Netherton’s syndrome course. Additional examination has revealed comorbid hypopituitarism with isolated somatotropin deficiency. Growth hormone therapy was prescribed. As a result of such combined treatment, we have achieved significant improvement in the patient’s condition. No clinically significant adverse events have been reported during therapy. Conclusion. Physical development delay in patients with Netherton syndrome is the reason for conducting research on the short stature causes. The combination of growth hormone therapy with genetically engineered biologic drug dupilumab is effective and safe, however, it requires multidisciplinary approach to the management of such patients.

Background. Acute adrenocortical insufficiency (adrenal crisis) is a rare life-threatening condition caused by impaired cortisol synthesis or secretion in adrenal cortex. There are no descriptions of adrenal crisis onset in the first day of life in newborns with congenital adrenal disease in the literature. Case description. Newborn girl had abnormal external genitalia at birth. Pelvic ultrasound revealed uterus and ovaries, and subsequently karyotype 46,XX was confirmed. Blood test showed hypoglycemia and metabolic acidosis with respiratory decompensation, blood sodium and potassium levels were within reference ranges. Diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia with a salt-wasting crisis has been clinically established. Therapy with hydrocortisone 75 mg/m² intravenously per day was initiated, changing over oral daily administration of hydrocortisone (20-15 mg/m²) and fludrocortisone (0.1-0.75 mg/day) with positive results. Subsequently, salt-wasting form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) was confirmed via molecular genetic study: the previously described pathogenic variant Q318W in the CYP21A2 gene in homozygous state was revealed. Conclusion. CAH, caused by gene alternations involved in cortisol biosynthesis, is the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency in newborns. However, there are several difficulties at this age with some of the classic symptoms (typical for adrenal crisis) interpretation: somnolence, nausea or vomiting, hypotension, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia. It leads to late disease diagnosis and is associated with higher risk of complications and death. Newborns with adrenal crisis symptoms require immediate medical help, including parenteral glucocorticoid administration.

Backround. Combined pathology of primary genetic disease and rare secondary disorders presents the most diagnostical difficulties for neonatologist. Such are atypical signs of Schaaf - Yang syndrome in newborns. Case description. The premature baby was diagnosed in utero with fingers abnormality. Genetic disorder was suspected at birth due to multiple stigmas (shortened limbs, multiple joint contractures, finger deformity, cryptorchidism). Whereas severe respiratory, hemodynamic, convulsive and motor disorders, as well as pseudobulbar syndrome were regarded as manifestations of congenital pneumonia and perinatal injury of the central nervous system. Hyperammonemia was revealed at the 2nd month of life and it was regarded as secondary condition associated with combined hereditary and perinatal pathology. Any chromosome aberrations, hereditary aminoacidopathies, organic aciduria, mitochondrial diseases were excluded via multi-stage diagnostic search using karyotyping, tandem mass-spectrometry, determination of glycine concentration ratio in cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Whole-exome sequencing of the child’s DNA revealed pathogenic variant in the MAGEL2 gene in a heterozygous state (rs770374710) at the age of 3 months. This variant leads to frameshifting and premature protein translation. There were no pathological variants in the parents, thus, the patient had de novo mutation. Since there is no etiopathogenetic therapy for this disease, the patient received only syndromic therapy. Conclusion. This case demonstrates diagnostic challenges in comorbid genetic syndrome and perinatal pathology and unspecified hyperammonemia.