СОВРЕМЕННЫЙ ВЗГЛЯД НА МИКРОБИОЦЕНОЗ, ИММУННЫЙ ОТВЕТ И ФАКТОРЫ, ВЛИЯЮЩИЕ НА ИХ ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ. ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ И ПРИКЛАДНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ

В обзоре современной литературы обобщены результаты научных исследований о составе интестинальной микробиоты как у взрослого человека, так и у младенца. Показано, что вся интестинальная микробиота взрослого включает 395 филогенетически обособленных групп микроорганизмов, из которых 244 являются абсолютно новыми. На основании метода РНК-секвенирования генов выделены наиболее часто встречающиеся у европейцев энтеротипы. Продемонстрировано, что у взрослого индивидуума видовой состав интестинальной микробиоты уникален и стабилен, и что основой становления кишечного микробиома служит генетический фон макроорганизма. Освещены особенности формирования микробиоценоза на ранних этапах онтогенеза. Подчеркнуто, что преобладание «младенческих» видов бифидобактерий в составе интестинальной микробиоты у детей на естественном вскармливании обусловлено наличием в грудном молоке определенных питательных субстратов — олигосахаридов грудного молока, относящихся к природным пребиотикам. Обозначены критерии, которым должен соответствовать пищевой ингредиент, чтобы он мог быть отнесен к группе пребиотиков. Представлены новые экспериментальные и клинические данные о влиянии пребиотиков на разные уровни иммунологической защиты.

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