Ear Deformities in Children
https://doi.org/10.15690/vsp.v21i4.2434
Abstract
Ear deformities occur in 5–50% of newborns [1, 2]. Usually ear deformities minimally affect hearing, however, they can lead to psychological disorders, anxiety, social isolation, and behavioral problems. Ear deformities can spontaneously self-correct without any treatment in about 30% of cases. Surgical or non-surgical correction of ears’ shape is the only alternative for the rest of the patients. Molding is an effective method for non-surgical correction of ear deformations. It is possible to achieve better treatment results if you start the procedure during the first days of life due to sufficient plasticity of ear cartilage in newborns. Otherwise, otoplasty would be necessary at the age of 3–6 years.
About the Authors
Nikolai A. DaikhesRussian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared
Khassan M. Diab
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared
Dmitry S. Kondratchikov
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared
Olga A. Pashchinina
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared
Liudmila V. Balakina
Russian Federation
Moscow
Disclosure of interest:
Not declared
References
1. Manstein CH. Congenital Ear Deformities. In: Medscape. Marth 22, 2021. Available online: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1288708-overview. Accessed on August 25, 2022.
2. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii pri vrozhdennykh defektakh i deformatsiyakh ushnykh rakovin. All-Russian public organization “Society of specialists in the field of maxillofacial surgery”; 2016. 38 p. (In Russ). Доступно по: https://cniis.ru/upload/iblock/331/Клинические%20рекомендации%20при%20врожденных%20дефектах%20и%20деформациях%20ушных%20раковин.pdf. Ссылка активна на 25.08.2022.
3. Joukhadar N, McKee D, Caouette-Laberge L, Bezuhly M. Management of Congenital Auricular Anomalies. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;146(2):205e–216e. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000006997
4. Harris J, Källén B, Robert E. The epidemiology of anotia and microtia. J Med Genet. 1996;33(10):809–813. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/jmg.33.10.809
5. An SY, Choi HG, Lee JS, et al. Analysis of incidence and genetic predisposition of preauricular sinus. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014; 78(12):2255–2257. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.10.027
6. Chang CS, Bartlett SP. Deformations of the Ear and Their Nonsurgical Correction. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2019;58(7):798–805. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922819844296
7. Zhao H, Ma L, Qi X, et al. A Morphometric Study of the Newborn Ear and an Analysis of Factors Related to Congenital Auricular Deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;140(1):147–155. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000003443
8. Doft MA, Goodkind AB, Diamond S, et al. The newborn butterfly project: a shortened treatment protocol for ear molding. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;135(3):577e–583e. doi: https://doi.org/0.1097/PRS.0000000000000999
9. Matsuo K, Hirose T, Tomono T, et al. Nonsurgical correction of congenital auricular deformities in the early neonate: a preliminary report. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984;73(1):38–51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198401000-00009
10. Jones ES, Gibson JAG, Dobbs TD, Whitaker IS. The psychological, social and educational impact of prominent ears: A systematic review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2020;73(12):2111–2120. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2020.05.075
11. Alexander KS, Stott DJ, Sivakumar B, Kang N. A morphometric study of the human ear. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2011;64(1): 41–47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2010.04.005
12. Porter CJ, Tan ST. Congenital auricular anomalies: topographic anatomy, embryology, classification, and treatment strategies. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;115(6):1701–1712. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000161454.08384.0a
13. Park C, Roh TS. Anatomy and embryology of the external ear and their clinical correlation. Clin Plast Surg. 2002;29(2):155–174, v. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0094-1298(01)00008-6
14. Boo-Chai K. The cleft ear lobe. Plast Reconstr Surg Transplant Bull. 1961;28:681–688. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-196112000-00007
15. Zhao S, Li D, Liu Z, et al. Anthropometric growth study of the ear in a Chinese population. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2018;71(4):518–523. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2017.10.010
16. Leonardi A, Bianca C, Basile E, et al. Neonatal molding in deformational auricolar anomalies. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2012;16(11):1554–1558.
17. Xiong H, Wang X, Li G, et al. Comparison of 2 Ear Molding Systems for Nonsurgical Management of Newborn Auricular Deformities. Ear Nose Throat J. 2021;100(5_suppl):652S–656S. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0145561320901398
18. Nigam M, Kotha VS, Barra C, Baker SB. Nonoperative Molding of Congenital Ear Deformities: The Impact of Birth-Initiation Delay on Correction Outcome. J Craniofac Surg. 2020;31(6):1588–1592. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000006473
19. Tapan M, Bulam H, I de M, et al. A Simple Method of Neonatal Ear Molding for Treatment of Stahl Ear Deformity. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;26(8):e802–e803. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000002275
20. Adamson JE, Horton CE, Crawford HH. The growth pattern of the external ear. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1965;36(4):466–470. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-196510000-00008
21. Rubin LR, Bromberg BE, Walden RH, Adams A. An anatomic approach to the obtrusive ear. Plast Reconstr Surg Transplant Bull. 1962;29:360–370. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-196204000-00008
22. Adamson PA, Litner JA. Aesthetic parameters and specific deformities. In: Adamson PA, Litner JA. Aesthetic otoplasty. Shelton (CT): People’s Medical Publishing House; 2011. pp. 15–19. (Thomas procedures in facial plastic surgery).
23. Tanzer RC. The constricted (cup and lop) ear. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1975;55(4):406–415.
24. Chang CS, Bartlett SP. A Simplified Nonsurgical Method for the Correction of Neonatal Deformational Auricular Anomalies. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2017;56(2):132–139. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922816641368
25. Zhuang Q, Wei N, Zhou Q, et al. Efficacy and Timing of Neonatal Ear Correction Molding. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2020;44(3):872–878. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-019-01596-y
26. Ullmann Y, Blazer S, Ramon Y, et al. Early nonsurgical correction of congenital auricular deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;109(3):907–915. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200203000-00013
27. Kurozumi N, Ono S, Ishida H. Non-surgical correction of a congenital lop ear deformity by splinting with Reston foam. Br J Plast Surg. 1982;35(2):181–182. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1226(82)90160-6
28. Gulati RD, Faraci N, Butts SC. Neonatal Ear Molding. Laryngoscope. 2021;131(2):E423–E427. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.28842
29. Mustarde JC. Correction of prominent ears using buried mattress sutures. Clin Plast Surg. 1978;5(3):459–464.
30. LaTrenta GS. Otoplasty. In: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. Rees TD, LaTrenta GS, eds. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1994. pp. 891–921.
Review
For citations:
Daikhes N.A., Diab Kh.M., Kondratchikov D.S., Pashchinina O.A., Balakina L.V. Ear Deformities in Children. Current Pediatrics. 2022;21(4):298-304. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15690/vsp.v21i4.2434