Article 38 of the Constitution of Russian Federation established the function of the State to protect the family, motherhood and childhood. The State’s focus on the family is manifested by taking various state measures to preserve and strengthen it, provide social support, and ensure the family rights of citizens. The family is also a very important social unit, it is is in the custody of law and requires financial stability. Demographic development, upbringing of children as economic, defense and spiritual potential, development of stable highly moral atmosphere in the country are fundamental functions of the family. State programs on children’s health promotion are focused on healthy environment implementation and supporting healthy lifestyle (“children’s space”). They cover various aspects: medical care, education, and social support. The goal of these programs is to stabilize the family state, improve children’s quality of life, prevent diseases, and improve their physical and mental health. The State Program of Russian Federation “Development of Healthcare” is approved by Russian Federation Resolution dated December 26, 2017 № 1640 “On approval of the State Program of Russian Federation “Development of Healthcare” (hereinafter State Program, Resolution). The State Program was prepared according to Decrees of the President of Russian Federation: № 204 “On national goals and strategic objectives of Russian Federation development during the period up to 2024” (dated May 07, 2018) and № 474 “On national goals of Russian Federation development during the period up to 2030” (dated June 21, 2020). It is the basis for further development of society.

Food allergy (FA) remains global pediatric issue affecting up to 8% of the child population, it has significant negative impact on the quality of life of children and their families. In recent years, the paradigm of FA prevention has changed dramatically: from elimination strategies to early allergen introduction and immune response modulation. This article provides the analysis of recent scientific data and consensus statements from professional societies that focus on the primary FA prevention strategies efficacy in children.

Acne vulgaris (AV) is one of the most common inflammatory skin disease in adolescents, characterised by negative impact on patients’ quality of life and psycho-emotional state. Acne affects approximately 85% of children and adolescents according to some data. Fortunately, now there are many safe and effective treatments for acne. Successful AV management often involves combination of medications that act on various pathological mechanisms. However, the paradigm of acne treatment is progressively focusing not only on pharmacotherapy, but also on care strategies based on proven products implementation. Traditionally, the international expert consensus on the use of dermocosmetics provides classification of active ingredients according to their mechanism of action and evidence level in relation to acne. Key active ingredients with proven efficacy include zinc, niacinamide, and many other components that have sebo-regulating, anti-inflammatory, and keratolytic effects, as well as normalise skin microbiome. It is crucial to consider individual skin phylotypes reflecting differences in sebum production, sensitivity, and barrier function when choosing modern dermocosmetics. Thus, dermocosmetics is integral part of comprehensive management of adolescents with acne, providing both therapeutic effect, and quality of life improvement.

Objectives. With the development of modern omix technologies, there has been an increased interest in searching for biomarkers in various biological materials as a new diagnostic tool in the future noninvasive diagnostics of bronchial asthma (BA), especially those that can be used in clinical practice. Therefore, there is a need to systematize data on the features of metabolic profiles in children with asthma and to identify biochemical reactions associated with the pathogenesis of the disease.
Objective. The aim of the study is to summarize the results of studies of metabolites determined by mass spectrometry and associated with bronchial asthma in children.
Methods. The review included studies involving children with bronchial asthma under the age of 18, where a metabolome (a set of endogenous metabolites formed during metabolism in the body) was studied in biological samples obtained using noninvasive or minimally invasive methods by mass spectrometry methods. The search for published papers is performed in the Medline and eLibrary databases. The search period: until August 2025.
Results. 29 studies were found where the metabolome was analyzed in exhaled air condensate samples (13 studies), blood serum (11), urine (5), and feces (1). Non-targeted analysis of metabolites was performed in 18 studies, targeted in 11. Among the metabolites, compounds related to the metabolism of lipids, proteins and amino acids, oxidative stress, compounds of the nicotinamide pathway, volatile organic compounds, bile acids, and heme metabolites were studied.
Conclusion. Numerous changes in the molecular profile in children with bronchial asthma have been identified. Many of the metabolites in bronchial asthma are associated with inflammatory processes.

Objectives. The PedsQL Infant Scales parental questionnaire has been developed to assess the health-related quality of life in premature infants. The questionnaire was translated into Russian, but the properties (reliability and validity) of the adapted version remained unexplored.
Objective. The aim of the study is to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Russian — language version of the PedsQL Infant Scales parental questionnaire in assessing HRQL in premature infants aged 13–24 months.
Methods. The study included parents of children aged 13–24 months who were born prematurely and were treated during the neonatal period in the intensive care unit (ICU). The Russian-language version of the PedsQL Infant Scales parental questionnaire was used to assess physical activity, physical symptoms, emotional state, social, cognitive activity and to obtain an overall assessment of the HRQL of premature infants. The internal consistency of the questionnaire (reliability) was assessed using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, Spearman-Brown coefficients, and Guttman split-half. To verify the construct validity and compliance of the questionnaire with the theoretical five-factor structure, a confirmatory factor analysis was done. Factor loads and model compliance indices were evaluated: CFI (Comparative Fit Index), TLI (Tucker – Lewis Index), SRMR (Standardized Root Mean Squared Residual) and relative χ² table (χ²/df).
Results. The results of a survey of parents (mothers) of 91 premature infants (gestational age 32.0 (29.5; 34.0) weeks) aged 16 (15; 19) months were analyzed. The duration of ICU hospitalization was 7 (4; 10) bed days, the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) was 168 (120; 234) hours. The coefficient of internal consistency of the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the entire questionnaire was 0.832, Spearman – Brown — 0.803, and Guttman split-half — 0.797. The relative 2 table is 2.1, CFI is 0.81, TLI is 0.799, and SRMR is 0.049. The overall assessment of HRQL was 77.6 (67.8; 84.3) points, the highest values were marked on the scale of “Physical Symptoms” — 87.5 (80.0; 92.5) points, the lowest — “Emotional Functioning”, 70.8 (60.4; 78.1) points, and “Cognitive Functioning”, 66.7 (55.6; 83.3) points. The overall PedsQL Infant Scales score was not related to gestational age (p = 0.224), duration of ICU hospitalization (p = 0.071), and duration of IMV (p = 0.670), but was lower in children who had suffered intraventricular hemorrhage with IMV.
Conclusion. Satisfactory reliability and constructive validity of the Russian-language version of the PedsQL Infant Scales parental questionnaire have been established. Considering the limits of the study (selection error, remote survey, small sample size), further linguistic and cultural validation of the questionnaire is recommended.

Objectives. The prevalence of nutritional status disorders among Russian children has been studied in various research. Meanwhile, a lack of standardized regional data obtained at the population level remains, as well as information on the factors associated with such disorders in younger schoolchildren.
Objective. The aim of the study is to study the prevalence and risk factors (behavioral, familial, biological) of nutritional status disorders in primary schoolchildren.
Methods. The study included children aged 6–9 years who underwent an anthropometric survey in Yekaterinburg schools in 2020. Information on the socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics of children was gathered by interviewing their parents. To determine nutritional status disorders, a standardized body mass index (SDS BMI) was calculated by the LMS method. Malnutrition was diagnosed at SDS values of BMI < –2.0; overweight — at values from +1.0 to +2.0 SDS; obesity — at values > +2.0 SDS. The factors associated with SDS BMI were analyzed by a General Lineal Model (GLM).
Results. The study involved 2,991 children, age of 7.6 ± 0.3 years. Normal nutritional status was diagnosed in 1831 (61.2%) children, malnutrition — in 481 (16.1%) children, overweight — in 430 (14.4%) children, obesity — in 249 (8.3%) children. The sex of the child (for male versus female, = –0.18; p = 0.050), BMI of the mother ( = 0.045; p < 0.001) and BMI of the father ( = 0.046; p < 0.001), height ( = 0.062; p < 0.001) and body weight of the child at the birth ( = 0.0002; p = 0.030) were associated with SDS BMI. These factors explained (R2) 17.7% of the variance of the dependent variable.
Conclusion. More than a third of primary schoolchildren had nutritional status disorders, and almost one in ten was obese. Biological, behavioral, and family factors were associated with their BMI. The latter should be considered when designing preventive programs aimed at primary schoolchildren and their family members.

Background. Venous malformations development is explained by primary venous systems preservation forming inferior vena cava during the embryonic period. Its anomalies lead to thin-walled phlebectatic transformation of gonadal veins; their injury can lead to rupture and continuing bleeding. Such conditions threaten patients’ lives in case of previously undiagnosed vascular system malformations.
Case description. 13 years old boy was delivered to emergency department by ambulance with complaints of severe pain in the left half of abdomen and general weakness. Historical data: the child was hit in the stomach during training one hour before admission. The patient's general condition was critical. There were signs of ongoing internal bleeding according to ultrasound examination of abdominal cavity and pelvis, arterial blood pressure fall, and low hemoglobin concentration. Urgent midline laparotomy was performed: large retroperitoneal hematoma was visualized from the iliac vessels going up along the spine. Thin-walled lesion with partial rupture on its lateral wall was revealed during retroperitoneal space revision after evacuation of hematoma. The child was consulted by specialists of the federal center for pediatric vascular surgery after the intervention, he subsequently underwent reconstructive surgery on retroperitoneal space vessels on the left. Tributaries of aneurysmal left testicular vein functioning as inferior vena cava were crossed, varicose left gonadal vein was removed. The child was discharged on the 10th day after the surgery.
Conclusion. Congenital vascular abnormalities combined with aneurysmal transformations are extremely rare variant of vascular system malformations in children. Often such anomalies are revealed sporadically. In our opinion, aggressive surgical tactic with removal of varicose sites is effective in case of such transformations as it prevents any rupture and thrombosis.

Background. Cutaneous mastocytosis in children is a rare disease with benign outcome in most cases, however, its course can be aggravated by transformation into mast cell leukemia at the age over 10 years. Moreover, interpreting disease skin syndromes can be challenging in infants.
Case description. Case of generalized cutaneous mastocytosis in an infant with regression of the clinical picture by the age of 11 months is described. Disease onset was at 2 months: rashes appeared in the body folds. The patient was diagnosed with Darier – Unna sign upon clinical examination. Laboratory examination has revealed increased total serum tryptase up to 17 μg/l, total IgE — up to 116 IU/ml. There were positive changes (skin syndrome relief, decrease in rashes severity) on treatment with second-generation antihistamine at an age dosage and pimecrolimus 1% for 11 months.
Conclusion. It is crucial to perform differential diagnosis with cutaneous mastocytosis in infants with signs of allergic disease and low-positive dynamics of skin process during therapy.

Background. Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases. More than 90 forms of NSP with autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked and mitochondrial inheritance have been described. One of the recently described autosomal dominant forms is spastic paraplegia with intellectual disability, nystagmus, and obesity (SINO syndrome; OMIM #617296) associated with heterozygous variants in the KIDINS220 gene. There are no cases of this disease described in Russian population.
Case description. Sporadic case of SINO syndrome in 3.5-year-old female patient is presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by molecular genetic testing: novel pathogenic variant chr2:8730980T>TC (p.5055dupG; p.Asn1686fs) in the KIDINS220 gene was revealed in heterozygous state. The specific feature of this case was incomplete manifestation of syndrome typical phenotype and presence of various comorbid symptoms. Along with spastic paraplegia manifestations and high anthropometric indicators there was corpus callosum lipoma, premature thelarche, dorsal fistula, however, intellectual disability, nystagmus and obesity were absent.
Conclusion. The described case confirms recent data on the association of pathogenic variants in the KIDINS220 gene with neurodevelopmental disorders and extraneural manifestations determined by the encoded protein role in neuronal differentiation and various signaling pathways. Analysis of SINO syndrome clinical picture expands our understanding of disease phenotype.