Anemia is one of the most frequent complications of inflammatory bowel diseases, which occur, according to various sources, in 6–74% of patients with these forms of pathology. The pathogenesis and treatment of anemia in inflammatory bowel diseases have a number of peculiarities. Thus, for example, not every anemia — iron deficiency and, accordingly, its correction is limited to only iron administration. The review analyzed the multifactorial nature of anemia in inflammatory bowel diseases, its influence on the course, and prognosis of the main disease; modern therapeutic agents are described.

In the past few decades, the active introduction of neuroimaging methods into clinical practice and research allowed us to assess the in vivo structural and functional state of the nervous system in children of all ages, from prenatal period of the development. The data obtained during neuroimaging studies significantly complemented the traditional view, based on the application of classical morphological methods. Using diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging and tractography, it became possible to conduct comprehensive structural and functional studies, to study the main stages of the brain maturation in dynamics, and to compare the morphological data with peculiarities of psycho-verbal and motor development of a child, as well as to conduct clinical and neuroimaging comparison. The article describes modern possibilities of diagnostics of microstructural damages of the brain using diffusion-tensor tractography in children with post-hypoxic conditions and cerebral palsy. It is shown that the revealed changes correlate with aspect of the disease.

Plagiarism is perhaps the most common form of unethical behaviour, when the author of the published material (not always intentionally or consciously) uses fragments or even the whole work of another researcher without getting the permission, not accompanying matching content with references to the source. Plagiarism may occur in relation to the data, words or phrases, ideas and principles. The article presents the analysis results of the literature data on the causes, types of plagiarism, as well as means of protection from it. This information can help the authors to write correctly their scientific papers.

Background: Children with burdened allergological history and/or having preliminary allergy manifestations need the effective prevention of allergy from the first months of life.

Objective: Our aim was to assess the tolerability, safety, and efficacy of monocomponent complementary food products in the diet of infants with high risk for allergic diseases.

Methods: Tolerability, safety, and efficacy of monocomponent complementary food products (vegetable puree, fruit juices, and after 6 months — meat sauce) were studied in a singlecentre, prospective, comparative study. The symptoms of indigestion, skin allergy symptoms were registered, the results of coprological research and immunogenicity of complementary food products were assessed.

Results: The study included 200 children in the age from 5 months from the risk group of allergy developing. Children were divided into 4 groups of 50 people. It was found that complementary food products were well tolerated and assimilated by children, did not cause skin and gastrointestinal allergic reactions in healthy children with risk of allergy developing. Food antigens of complementary food components (pumpkin, rabbit meat, turkey meat, apples, pears, plums) were characterized by low immunogenicity: the level of specific IgE to the specified products did not change in blood serum and remained at a low level at the beginning and at the end of the study (ranging from 0.01 to 0.03 kE/l).

Conclusion: Studied complementary food products (vegetable-, fruit- and meat-based) can be used in the diet of children with high risk for allergy.

Background: Non-compact myocardium is a form of cardiomyopathy, which is characterized by an abnormal trabecular (non-compact) layer of the ventricular myocardium. The correlation between the severity of a non-compact myocardial layer and peculiarities of course and outcome of the disease remains unclear.

Objective: Our aim was to examine the relationship of the ratio value of the non-compact and compact myocardial layer (NC/C) thickness, as well as of the number of non-compact segments of the left ventricle (LV) of the heart with the risk of death and thrombotic complications in children with dilated phenotype of non-compact myocardium.

Methods: The results of a prospective cohort study, which included children hospitalized to a specialized hospital from October 2011 to May 2015, are presented. The presence of non-compact myocardium was established on the basis of echocardiography results.

Results: The study included 48 children with non-compact myocardium and LV myocardium remodelling on the dilatation phenotype. Fatal outcome in 19 (8; 61) months from the date of detection of heart changes occurred in 11 (23%) cases. The development of thrombotic complications (cardioembolism, intravascular thrombosis before or during the observation) is recorded in 8 (17%) children. The risk of death and thrombotic complications did not depend on the NC/C value and the number of non-compact LV segments.

Conclusion: The value of the ratio of NC/C and the number of non-compact LV myocardial segments does not allow to predict the course of the disease in children with dilated phenotype of non-compact myocardium in relation to the development of thrombotic complications and occurrence of fatal outcome.

Background: The existence of anti-vaccination paradigms hampers the vaccination coverage of infants in required for the population immunity formation volume. One of the significant factors of parents' refusal of immunization is that pediatricians don't have evidence-based tactics of interaction with them during the decision-making on their child's vaccination.

Objective: Our aim was to study the psychological component of taking voluntary informed consent to vaccination by parents of a child-patient.

Methods: Using structured interviews and research methods of problem situations in mothers of children-patients under 1 year, the alternative solutions for vaccination when posing the question in the first and third person were studied.

Results: The interview was conducted with 76 mothers, 317 responses in the first person and 252 responses in the third were received according to 10 scenarios of decisionmaking. The received responses that reflect the courses of action were grouped into seven generic alternatives. It was found that 5 of 7 alternatives («get vaccinated,» «refuse vaccination», «falsify vaccination», «just wait, to postpone the decision,» «wait and obtain further consultation») are rarely considered in the first person as compared to the responses in the third person (4 and 8%, p = 0.043), the alternative of «get medical contraindication» in the first person is considered more often, the frequency of the alternative of «wait and keep watch over the child» did not change.

Conclusion: The real consent to immunization is mentally stimulated in a large part of the parents. The discrepancy between the relative frequency of the parents-selected alternatives in the first and the third person, as well as a wider range of alternatives considered by parents, in comparison with physicians, indicates the desire of parents to accept psychologically independent, not imposed by a medical professional decision.

Frequent bone fractures in infancy require the elimination of a large number (> 100) of genetic disorders. The modern diagnostic method of hereditary diseases characterized by debilitating course is a new generation sequencing. The article presents the results of molecular-genetic study conducted in 18 patients with clinical symptoms of connective tissue disorders. 10 (56%) patients had mutations in the genes encoding type I collagen chains, leading to the development of osteogenesis imperfecta, 5 (28%) — mutations in IV and V type collagen genes that are responsible for the development of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. 3 (17%) patients had mutations in the gene encoding fibrillin-1 protein, deficiency of which is manifested by Marfan syndrome. However, the correlation between patient's phenotype and discovered mutations in the investigated gene is established not in all cases.

In practice, a pediatrician often deals with polypharmacy when diagnosing and treating urticaria in children. The article lists the most common causes of the disease, its pathogenetic features, and diagnostics. It also describes the approach of a physician for acute urticaria in children by the example of the child's clinical case at the age of 3 years.

Intraductal breast diseases are characterized by a high risk of transformation in breast cancer. Difficulties of diagnosing intraductal lesions are associated with the only symptom — the appearance of pathologic discharge from the breast nipple. In adolescent girls, taking into account the immaturity of the nipple and it flatness, there are difficulties with removing it correctly. On physical examination, as well as with the high density of the surrounding tissue and areola, the control over the presence of pathologic discharge from the mammary ducts is difficult. The intraductal pathology requires ultrasound examination, mammography, and only after a full examination — ductographic research. The article presents its own clinical observations of the intraductal pathology in adolescent girls aged 14 and 15 years. The algorithms of examination and patient surveillance with intraductal pathology are described.