Background. The abilitation of premature infants acquires importance due to the increased prevalence of delayed health disorders in these children. The article considers the issues of individualization of rehabilitation treatment for premature infants according to prediction of perinatal pathology outcomes, determining the individual levels of «abilitation windows» and developing personalized abilitation programs.

Objective. The aim of the study was to determine individual timely sensitive ontogenesis stages («abilitation windows») for premature children with various perinatal pathology, as well as the most effective methods of rehabilitation treatment according to the maturity of the child and the type of neurosomatic deficiency.

Methods. Two-stage cohort study of premature children with gestational age of 25^0–6–30^0–6 weeks was conducted. Stage 1 — retrospective analysis of «abilitation windows» in 115 premature children, development of prognostic scenarios. Stage 2 — prospective cohort study of 109 premature children, using abilitation methods in this cohort according to predicted events and estimation of abilitation efficacy. Medical interventions: familyoriented educational counseling, kinesiotherapy, physiotherapy, neuroprotectors, music therapy.

Results. Information matrixes on filling ontogenetic abilitation periods have been developed, as well as age limits for «abilitation windows» have been defined on the 1st stage. Sensitive interval has been established for the use of stimulating effects in extremely immature children (postconceptional age of 34–37 weeks). The leading role of abilitation protective measures has been identified. Perinatal pathology outcomes have been analyzed in children from retrospective analysis group. Direct abilitation of premature children (from birth to 18 months) was carried out on the 2nd stage of the study according to probability forecasts. The priority of non-drug abilitation methods usage in immature children was confirmed. The need in step-by-step dynamic correction of abilitation programs was established.

Conclusion. Prognostic significance of perinatal period events and individual postconceptional age in «abilitation windows» development for premature children was determined. The priority of non-drug abilitation for such patients (including family-oriented pedagogics) is established.

The article is devoted to the problems of the maternity and childhood welfare services recovery in the USSR in the second half of the 40s. of XX century. It shows the contribution of medical scientific institutions in the training of pediatric professionals.

There are about 466 million people (6.1% of global population) with hearing impairment registered in the world according to the data from WHO experts. Their number exceeds 13 million in Russian Federation, and more than 1 million are children. The results of the universal audiological screening program for newborns has shown that 1 child per 1000 newborns is born deaf, another 2–3 children grow deaf during the first years of life. The number of people with hearing impairment will reach 900 million people by 2050 according to the WHO forecasts. Prevention and early diagnosis of hearing loss and rehabilitation of children with such disorders are necessary for avoiding problems with social integration. This review presents the analysis of cognitive abilities development in children and adolescents with different types and degrees of hearing loss with regard to different approaches in their management and rehabilitation.

The continued increase in the number of allergic diseases and the high prevalence of digestive disturbances in infants explain the interest of pediatricians, allergists and gastroenterologists in the development and improvement of nutritional methods for the prevention and correction of these pathologies. This article discusses current ideas on the role of partially hydrolysed protein formulas in infants’ nutrition for recovery of most common functional gastrointestinal disorders, allergy primary prevention. Also, the article discusses formulas place in sequential nutrition therapy of food allergy. Descriptions of cow milk proteins molecular characteristics and its allergens properties are presented. Features of creation and production of partially hydrolysed protein formulas are described as well.

Background. Hepatocellular carcinoma is rare disease in pediatrics, it affects mostly male adolescents aged 10–15 years. There are only 10 described cases of hepatocellular carcinoma and familial adenomatous polyposis combination.

Clinical Case Description. Patient G., 16 years, visited the pediatrician with complaints on low fever episodes and abdominal pain. The abdominal ultrasound was performed. Non-homogeneous mass was revealed in the left lobe of the liver. Contrast X-ray computer tomography has revealed large pathological mass in the left lobe of the liver (atypical haemangioma? adenoma?). Adenoma phenotype was established in obtained needle biopsy material. The child has undergone the resection of the left lobe of the liver with plastic reconstruction of the left hepatic vein entry. Histological examination of the surgical specimen has confirmed the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Peripheral blood α-fetoprotein levels remained within normal range throughout the follow-up. In past medical history: classical familial adenomatous polyposis in the mother (diagnosis has been established 3 years before the clinical events in the child). The genetic testing of APC gene (Adenomatous Poliposis Coli) was performed after detection of the tumor in the child’s liver. The pathological allele similar to that previously found in the mother has been identified. 

Conclusion. Timely diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyposis, risk awareness on combined course of polyposis with various malignant tumors, as well as monitoring of health condition of the child are necessary to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma on its early stages.

Background. Arthrogryposis is severe congenital musculoskeletal disease with contractures of two or more joints of the lower and/or upper limbs and usually in combination with muscular hypo- or atrophy.

Clinical Case Description. Child F. was hospitalized in the department of newborns and premature babies’ pathology on 6th day of life in critical condition. Spontaneous motor activity was severely decreased. He responds to the examination with little increase in motor activity and weak painful scream. Muscle tone is dystonic: it is diffusely reduced in the proximal parts of the upper and lower limbs, in the distal parts of the upper limbs it is significantly increased, there are flexion contractures of the fingers on both hands (mostly on the left one). Passive fingers contractures reversal is difficult. There were no feet deformities or craniofacial anomalies. Hereditary history is burdened: child’s father (1984 year of birth), great-grandfather and cousin uncle (on the paternal line) have finger deformities on both hands. Father and relatives have not been diagnosed before. The clinical diagnosis was established after consultation of geneticist and orthopedist: «Distal arthrogryposis, type 2A, autosomal dominant type of inheritance with incomplete penetrance». The molecular genetic testing was not performed due to the refusal of the child's parents. Therapeutic gymnastics, stage plaster correction of finger contractures were performed in the department during the child hospitalization (21 days). Positive dynamics was noted: finger extension amplitude has increased.

Conclusion. Early conservative treatment of infants with arthrogryposis allows to correct musculoskeletal deformities. Early initiation of treatment is expected to increase the amplitude of both passive and active movements in the hand joints, whereas, it will improve the function of hand grasping and self-care capacities of patients. 

Diseases of the mammary glands (usually benign) have the incidence of 5–12% in the structure of children diseases. Breast cancer is extremely rare (less than 1% of all breast diseases). This review contains actual data on the most common focal pathology of mammary glands in teenage girls such as: focal hyperplasia, cysts and breast fibroepithelial tumors. Clinical manifestations, morphological picture and diagnostics are described. Main approaches to treatment of patients with focal pathology of mammary glands are defined. The presented data is crucial for timely diagnosis of focal pathology of mammary glands, selection of examination tactics, management and necessary measures for oncological diseases prevention in children.

High cholesterol level in serum (especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) is the risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Thus, timely diagnosis and treatment of hypercholesterolemia in children is crucial. The basic treatment for children with hypercholesterolemia is diet therapy. This article analysed current recommendations on nutrition for children with hypercholesterolemia. Cholesterol dietary intake should be limited (< 200–300 mg/day), as well as saturated and hydrogenated fats (up to 8–10%). On the other hand, consumption of mono- (> 10%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (up to 7–10% of the total dietary calories) should be increased. The need of complex carbohydrates consumption is stated, with the obligatory inclusion of soluble dietary fibres (pectin, inulin, mucus, gum) from fruits, vegetables, beans and whole grains with maintaining normal dietary calories.

The prevalence of allergies to domestic animals increases due to the increase in the number of pets worldwide, followed by serious medical and social problems. Domestic cat (Felis domesticus) is one of the most common pets and one of the most frequent (after dust mite) source of indoor allergens and risk factor for bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. This review collects relevant information on the issues of hypersensitivity to cat allergens (the term «cat allergy» will be used later). The authors consider issues of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of this condition. Special attention is given to the management of patients with cat allergies and particularly usage of special nutrition for cats that can reduce the level of the main cat allergen Fel d 1 in the environment. Whereas, this leads to decrease of allergic diseases symptoms severity.