The article represents the clinic-sociological analysis of the compliancy among pediatric patients and the estimation of various factors influence on the patients’ and their surroundings’ adherence to the treatment regimen. For the compliance assessment physicians, children with allergic dermatosis at the age of 13–18 years old (n =295) and their parents (n =270) were interrogated with the special questionnaires. Received data confirms that there is decrease in compliance among the pediatric patients and their patients. It is more significant in older girls than in boys.

The experience of department of medico-social help to pregnant women in hard life situations on prophylaxis and preparing for social orphanhood and responsible maternity (on the basis of SFHI «Maternity Hospital №3», Moscow) is analyzed in the article.

Review covers current data on molecular mechanisms of brain development in prenatal and early postnatal periods, and their alterations resulting in changes in neuroplasticity and behavioral pattern. Role of oxytocin, mechanisms of neurogenesis in normal conditions, in early-life stress and prenatal stress are in the special focus of the review. Novel approaches to searching the molecular markers and targets for diagnostics and pharmacological correction of neurodevelopmental disorders are discussed.

Pediatric neurologists often have to prescribe drugs off-label in children, according to individual approach to every patient and weighing possible benefits and risk of side-effects. Multidisciplinary approach to migraine and tension-type headache treatment in children, including correction of comorbid psychiatric and somatic disorders, is a critical point in decrease of frequency and severity of headaches and normalization of everyday children’s activity. In the second part of the article the authors discuss the problems of symptomatic (episodic drugs taking in order to arrest a headache attack) and preventive (regular prolonged drug taking directed on decrease of frequency and severity of headaches) medical treatment of migraine and tension-type headaches in pediatric practice.

Usage of enterosorbents in treatment of almost all types of acute and chronic disorders accompanied with endogenous intoxication syndrome takes on special significance. The critical point of endogenous intoxication pathogenesis is dysfunction of microbiocenosis and intestinal barrier. The necessity of enterosorbents usage is very high due to their efficacy, safety and wide availability. Smectite dioctaedric (diosmectite), which has been successfully used in clinical practice for a long period of time, is of an increased interest among the natural enterosorbents. The main quality of diosmectite is its restoration effect on the microbiocenisis and intestinal barrier function, and with a high degree of evidence-based efficacy and safety.

The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy and safety of etanercept treatment in combination with methotrexate in 32 patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and primary and secondary inefficiency of intolerance of infliximab. In 1 month after the switching to etanercept the improvement was achieved in 84% of patients, 50% improvement — in 66%, 70% — in 55% according to the ACR_pedi criteria. In 6 months of treatment non-active stage was registered in all the patients. Remission stage was established in 85% of children in 9 months, in all the patients — in 12 months. Etanercept was well-tolerated and the majority of side-effects were mild or moderate, reversible and did not interfere the treatment.

As a result of examination of the families of patients with aorta coarctation the factors predisposing to this condition were established. Sixty eight patients with different localization, stenosis degree and extent of aorta coarctation were included into this study. All the patients were performed echocardiography, indirect and direct. Typical coarctation was found in 95,6% of the cases, in 55,9% it was associated with bicuspid aortic valve. The most significant predisposing factors to this anomaly development were compromised hereditary (33,8%) and complications during pregnancy (57,4%). According to the received data, during the family planning it is important to examine both parents, as father’s disorders may have more marked impact on aorta coarctation development, than mother’s ones. Children with compromised heredity on congenital heart defects are recommended to be carried out echocardiographic investigation at the early period of time after birth, despite the absence of disorders on intrauterine ultrasound.

The article contains modern data on etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations and mechanisms of development of the most common forms of lipid metabolism disturbances in humans, such as obesity, emaciation, lipodystrophy, lipidosis, dyslipoproteinemia and atherosclerosis. The authors give the informative materials for self-testing and correction of the knowledge level.

While it has been widely proved that breastfeeding is the healthiest feeding option for a baby and its mother, the mechanisms by which a baby removes milk from the breast are still not completely known. Partly this is due to the lack of tools to analyze images of the infant oral cavity during feeding automatically and quantitatively. In this paper we propose two methods for analyzing ultrasound videos to automatically detect relevant events such sucking and swallowing of milk and to discriminate different types of tongue action during milk removal. The proposed algorithms provide, for the firrst time, quantitative indications of the type of activities carried out during breastfeeding by the baby, promising unprecedented advancements in the field.

Intensive development of the molecular biology, genetically engineered methods of examination and decoding of human genome rendered significant assistance to discoveries in the field of gustatory preferences and food behavior formation study in children. It was proved that gustatory preferences in children and, further, in adults are influenced by numerous factors. The main of such factors are genetic ones; peculiarities of pregnant woman and child nutrition; national food traditions. The afore-mentioned factors and possible ways of influence on them are considered in this article, which contributes to development of appropriate food behavior, playing a significant role in the formation of children’ and adults’ health.

The article contains data on functional digestive disorders in newborns, mainly on the problem of lactase (disaccharidase) insufficiency. The information on the prevalence of this condition, modern classification of hypolactasia, diagnostic techniques and dietary as well as medicinal correction is given. Treatment of lactase insufficiency has an increased significance in prematurely born children due to their excess demands in energy and plastic substances. The appropriateness of lactase for the treatment of this disorder is proved.

Significant increase in frequency of antibiotics intake, the problem of antibiotic-resistance, which varies in different regions of Russia, side-effects of antibacterial drugs (first of all — antibiotic-associated diarrhea), disturbances of the bowel microbiocenosis, allergic reactions, dyspepsia and a number of other factors cause an active search of new methods of treatment of infectious diseases, especially in children. Promising course in struggle against inappropriate antibiotics usage and their side-effects is usage of ecoantibiotics. Including of the crystalline lactulose into the ecoantibiotics composition allows maintaining the native patient’s microflora, preventing the development of transmissible antibiotic-resistance and stimulating patient’s own immune system. Clinical efficacy of ecoantibiotics is confirmed by the conclusion on bioequivalence to the original representative of antibiotics according to antimicrobial activity. Besides, in conjunction with high level of safety it makes it possible to expect, that this new medicinal group will have good prospects in pediatric practice.

The results of the study, performed at the Scientific Centre of Children Health of RAMS in order to determine a program of complex psychological and pedagogical support to patients and their families, are shown in this article. The special features of personality development of children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases are discussed. The main directions of psychological care in complex rehabilitation are determined.

In this article the clinical and laboratory symptoms of rotaviral infection in children are analyzed and the symptoms which reflect the severity of disease are characterized. The authors give clinical and laboratory basis for antiviral drugs usage in children at the age of 3-7 years old with moderate and severe forms of rotaviral diarrhea. The data on efficacy of the studied antiviral immunostimulating agent in rotaviral infection in children are represented in this article.

The results of efficacy and safety study of abatacept and methotrexate combination therapy (n=12) in comparison with methotrexate monotherapy (n =41) in patients with polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis at the age of 4–17 years old are shown in this article. The duration of the observation was 1 year. Abatacept was introduced at a dose of 10 mg/kg at 1^st, 2d and then — every 4^th week. In 48 weeks clinical remission and decrease of laboratory markers of activity was registered in 35% of patients treated with abatacept and methotrexate and in 16% of patients treated only with methotrexate.

The results of epidemiological studies of recent years show that schoolchildren of middle and high classes can be considered as a potential audience for the prevention of the formation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a disease that significantly affect the quality of life and life expectancy. Among the toxic components of tobacco smoke the most significant are polycyclic polycarbonates, oxides of nitrogen, oxides and dioxides of carbon. This study examined the content of carbon monoxide in exhaled air at smoking schoolchildren using the smokelayzer and assessed the possibility of using fenspiride in a complex health care interventions for tobacco smoking. The results of this study indicate a pronounced positive role of fenspiride in a complex of therapeutic measures in smoking schoolchildren.

The article deals with the problem of prevalence, treatment and prophylaxis of inflammatory disorders of the larynx in patients with acute respiratory infections. The authors show their own data on the occurrence of different forms of laryngitis in children. The role of endoscopy in diagnostics of this condition is described. In order to reveal the cause of obstructive laryngitis recurrence virological and endoscopic examination was performed in 100 patients who had had recurrent/relapsing croup. The shown data are over 2 epidemic seasons. The principles of patients management are described, the data on clinical efficacy of treatment and prophylaxis schemes, including complex homeopathic drugs, are represented. The authors made conclusions, that prevalence of different forms of laryngitis against the background of acute respiratory infections is 3,91-29% (among the group of frequently ill children). Children with recurrent /relapsing laryngitis (including obstructive variants) accounts for 53,32%. No correlation between amount of pathogens, episodes of obstructive laryngitis and organic pathology of the larynx in children with recurrent/relapsing laryngitis were found. Taking into account the diversity and variability of the causative agents, it is reasonable to include the drugs with antiviral activity, high efficacy and safety into the schemes of treatment of such patients, as well during prolong treatment.

The experience of pneumococcal vaccine usage in the inmates of the Orphanage for Children with Organic Central Nervous System with Psychic Disturbances is discussed in this article. Taking into account the high rate and severe course of acute pneumonia among such children, 120 dosages of pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate adsorbed vaccine were used in order to inoculate 48 children. Local and general mild reactions were registered in 8,3% of all the cases. It was established, that development of respiratory diseases in vaccinated children were 5,4 times rarer than in non-vaccinated ones. It was shown, that 1 year after the vaccination the infectious morbidity was 6 and 1,7 times lower among vaccinated and non-vaccinated children, respectively.

The experience of infliximab usage in juvenile arthritis treatment in the Republic of Bashkirtostan is summarized in this article. Fourteen children (6 boys and 8 girls) at the age of 5,0–19,4 years old were included into the study. The mean single dosage of the drug 5,5+1,2 mg/kg per infusion according to the standard scheme 0–2–6 weeks, then every 8 weeks. The duration of the treatment varied from 0,2 to 2,0 years. The primary inefficiency of the drug was noted in only 1 case (7,1%), in 5 patients (35,7%) the treatment was arrested due to the secondary inefficiency, which developed in 0,9–1,5 years after its beginning. Allergic anaphylactoid reactions at the 10^th and 14^th infusions caused the drug withdrawal in 2 children (14,3%). In one year the treatment was completed in 9 patients (64,3%). The positive effect (improvement on at least 30% according to the ACR_pedi criteria) in 2 weeks after the 1^st infusion was registered in the majority of the patients (12 of 14 children, 85,7%). In 6 months of the treatment the improvement was achieved in all patients who continued to receive the drug. By the end of the 1^st year of the treatment secondary inefficiency was found in 2 of 9 children, who continued to receive the drug; 5 patients had medicinal remission.

The article contains a history case of early onset of pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis resistant to standard immunosuppressive treatment with methotrexate at a dose of 15 mg/m² per week orally, with development of contractures and destructive changes in the joints. The resistance was successfully overcome with conversion to intravenous introduction at a dose of 25 mg/m² per week. After 6 months of treatment acute inflammatory changes in the joins, arthralgia and morning joint stiffness were arrested, as well as laboratory markers of the active stage of disease lowered. After 12 months of treatment the motion capacity was completely restored in 3 of 4 affected joints. The non-active stage and remission were registered in 6 and 12 months, respectively. The remission has remained for 18 months.

The results of examination of a 15-year-old boy with growth and puberty retardation are analyzed in this article. On the grounds of performed complex examination the patient was found physical development delay, changes at the endocrinal status, as well as pathological signs on X-ray, rheo- and electroencephalography, which are characteristic for functional growth and puberty retardation. In order to correct the found disturbances transcranial magnetotherapy was carried out. During the performed treatment improvement of the physical development characteristics, endocrinal status and data of rheo- and electroencephalography were noted.

A history case of a female patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, resistant to steroids and methotrexate and secondary resistance to infliximab, is represented in this article. Switching to another tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor — adalimumab — led to induction of steady remission of joint syndrome and uveitis, steroids, methotrexate and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs withdrawal.

The article represents the data received during the study of archive documents, scientific works of F.I. Zborovskaya, as well as articles collections of the Institute of Pediatrics of the USSR AMS, pediatric journals and medical newspaper. These materials reflect professional activity and main landmarks in life of F.I. Zborovskaya — one of the most significant researchers at the field of maternity and infancy health care organization in the USSR at 30–40^th years of 20^th century. Occupying different executive positions, including head of the department of Maternity and Infancy Protection of the USSR National Committee of Health Care (Narcomzdrav), director of the Institute of Maternity and Childhood Protection, which was reformed into the Institute of Pediatrics of the USSR AMS, head of the department of hygiene and children health care organization of the Institute of Pediatrics, and after that — the same post of the Central Institute of the clinical education, F.I. Zborovskaya has always actively participated in scientific and practical activity and carried on huge organization work. Her professional life of a soviet practitioner, scientist and health care organizer is a bright example of devoted service to the protection of mothers and children health.