The article describes not only the concept of conflict of interest, but also the validity of its disclosure in the texts of scientific medical articles. The issue of non-disclosure of conflict of interest is analyzed by the authors of the Russian journals. The examples that demonstrate the need to declare the conflict are given. A form for the disclosure of conflict of interest when submitting a manuscript for consideration is proposed.

The article tells about the chairmen of the Russian Union of Pediatricians — Members of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Honored Workers of Science, senior management of the professional community of pediatricians during the period of over 90 years since the establishment to the present time. The publication presents the results of studying the biographies and scientific works of the luminaries of Russian pediatrics such as A. A. Kisel and G. N. Speranskiy, who linked the Tsarist and Soviet medicine. The basic milestones of professional activities of the great Soviet pediatricians Y. F. Dombrovskaya and A. F. Tur are shown. The biographies of the World War II veterans V. P. Bisyarina, M. Y. Studenikin and A. V. Mazurin, decent representatives of Russian pediatrics at the end of the Soviet era, are described. The outstanding contribution of the Academician of the Russian Academy of Science A. A. Baranov, who initiated the creation of the Russian Union of Pediatricians as the legal successor of the All-Union and All-Russian Society of Pediatricians, is emphasized.

Fermented dairy products have a high nutritional and biological value and functional properties beneficial to human health; they are very diverse and have a long history. Fermentation of milk is a complex technological, physical and biochemical process that occurs under the influence of two enzymes of lactic acid bacteria — -galactosidase and lactate dehydrogenase. Requirements for biological properties of starter microorganisms and fermentation technology are strictly regulated. Based on the starter cultures used, we can single out fermented dairy products of lactic acid and mixed (lactic acid and alcohol) fermentation. There are adapted, partially adapted and non-adapted cultured milk products for children, some of which are enriched with pro- and prebiotics to enhance functional properties. The article provides information about one of the first Russian non-adapted fermented milk products for infants enriched with inulin, fruit and cereals.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and results from the defective activity of the enzyme alpha-L-iduronidase, which leads to the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (mainly heparan and dermatan sulfate) in the lysosomes and further multiple organ dysfunction. This severe genetic progressive disease can be detected at an early age by skeletal deformities and phenotypic data. Early enzyme replacement therapy and/or bone marrow transplantation can slow down irreversible damages to various organs and systems or reduce their severity and improve the quality of life for a child.

Treatment of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children is an important task of practical healthcare. Currently, the problem of choosing medicines and polypharmacy at ARI is very relevant. This article considers the issues of using medicines during a causal and symptomatic treatment of ARI in children, and peculiarities of the mucolytic evidence-based therapy order.

The article describes the main autoinflammatory syndromes as well as the key role of interleukin (IL) 1 in the pathogenesis of these diseases. It also presents the data on the experience of anakinra using (soluble IL-1 receptor antagonist) as well as the results of randomized clinical trials and descriptions of anakinra use case series in autoinflammatory and a number of other non-rheumatic diseases. The data on the efficacy and safety of a soluble IL-1 receptor antagonist is given.

The article analyzes the current data on the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. It discusses the role of the damaged dermal barrier structure in the development of food allergies and presents the results confirming the theory of transdermal sensibilisation to allergens in addition to hereditary and exogenous factors. Current local treatment of atopic dermatitis using topical glucocorticosteroids (tGCs) aimed at reducing the severity of symptoms is often associated with the risk of complications. The data on the effective use of topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCI) to eliminate the side effects of tGCs are presented. The results of the possible use of pimecrolimus in the form of 1% cream for gradual withdrawal of tGCs in the long-term use are shown. The data of reviews and meta-analyses for the last decade are given showing that there is no evidence that the use of TIC is associated with an increased risk of lymphoma. The authors conclude that pimecrolimus in the form of 1% cream is the best medication for topical therapy in children with mild and moderate form of the disease. It is also considered the best preparation for the proactive treatment of atopic dermatitis in the long period of time in order to prevent recurrences.

The article analyzes the consequences of chromosomal abnormalities caused by the deletion of a small piece of chromosome 22. This syndrome results in diverse clinical manifestations: congenital heart defects, abnormalities in the large vessels, congenital defects in the maxillofacial area, as well as the endocrine and immune disorders. 22q11.2 deletion syndrome — del 22q11.2 (22q11DS) may have more than 180 different physical, functional and mental associations that affect the patient’s health and quality of life since very birth. Clinical diagnosis and early diagnostics are essential to optimize treatment, and awareness and understanding of the pathological processes in del 22q11.2 definitely involve the use of the multidisciplinary treatment principles. The article describes the modern scientific understanding of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome based on the experience of foreign and Russian authors. The basic clinical symptoms, diagnosis and recommendations for screening and treatment of this kind of patients are described.

Salt and sugar are traditional components of a daily diet for both adults and children. These flavor additives have been used by human for centuries. Sugar and salt not only enhance the taste of food, but also play an important role in metabolic processes. We have already accumulated some data on long-term adverse effects related to excessive consumption of salt and sugar. However, the need for sodium and sucrose has not been finally established yet. We anticipate the reduction in sugar consumption rates. Daily intake of salt and sugar can be optimized by forming proper eating habits in early childhood, with a particular focus on complementary foods free of nutritional supplements, which is necessary for an adequate development of taste.

The continued increase in the incidence of allergic diseases in children population generates reasonable interest of allergists. The article describes the basic mechanisms of immunological response in light of the allergy risk modulation in children. It discusses a new approach to the prescription of hypoallergenic diets for healthy pregnant and lactating women to prevent allergies in children. A separate section examines the influence of the infant feeding mode in the first months of life on the risk of formation of allergies as a child grows, as well as key mechanisms for the formation of the oral tolerance phenomenon. The results from the study of immunological processes that underlie the phenomenon of oral tolerance confirm the ability to reduce the risk of formation of cow's milk protein allergy in formula-fed infants by using formulas based on hydrolysed protein.

Background. Today, in Russia there is no practice of using donor milk in hospitals, while abroad it is a common technique of caring for premature and low-weight infants.

Objective: Our aim was to study the milk donation awareness of parents of children under the age of 1, health workers and lactation consultants.

Methods. A sample survey was carried out.

Results. The study involved 2,332 respondents from 13 medical institutions in 11 cities and towns located in 6 federal districts of the Russian Federation, including 1,134 mothers, 413 fathers, 692 health workers, and 93 lactation consultants. 1,007 (65.1%) parents (mothers and fathers) and 541 (68.9%) specialists (health workers and lactation consultants) believe that feeding of a sick newborn with donor milk is useful in the absence of breast milk. Only 609 (39.4%) parents and 363 (46.2%) professionals would agree to use donor milk for their children in the absence or lack of mother’s milk. Only 1/3 of the respondents — 560 (36.2%) parents and 259 (33.0%) professionals — believe that donor milk is safe. 565 (36.5%) parents and 475 (60.5%) professionals have heard something about breast milk banks and 1,013 (65.5%) parents and 449 (57.2%) professionals believe that the establishment of such banks is reasonable. Most of the mothers (830; 73.2%) involved in the study would agree to become breast milk donors, and 219 (53%) fathers would approve their wives’ decision to become donors.

Conclusion. The study has revealed low respondents’ awareness of the use and safety of donor milk. However, most of the mothers are willing to become breast milk donors. More than half of the parents and professionals involved in the study believe that it is reasonable to create milk banks.

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (A1AT) is a cause of an orphan disease, cases of which are well described in adult patients, but as for children, they are described only in a few publications, and in most of them the description is limited to liver lesions. This article presents the results from the observation of 5 children with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, including 3 boys (Z-allele homozygotes) and 2 girls (PiMZ-phenotype carriers). It is shown that in patients with A1AT deficiency the onset of the destruction of lung tissue was at the age of 2 with the signs of recurrent bronchial obstruction and at the age of 7 in the form of emphysema. Raising awareness among practicing physicians of various specialties will improve diagnostics of this form of disease and its comorbid conditions.

A diet of an expecting mother affects the child’s quality of life at all ages. Nutrition is a strong epigenetic factor influencing the expression of genes that control metabolism. The review combines studies with the same topic that show how malnutrition in women during pregnancy, including lack of certain vitamins and trace elements, leads to a change in the expression of biochemical mechanisms, the delay in the development and the subsequent formation of anomalies and malformations in a fetus. The article provides brief results of the clinical observation on actual nutrition and chemical composition of diets in lactating women. It shows the importance of enriching women's diets with specialized foods at the stages of pregravid preparation, pregnancy and lactation.

Mucolytic, expectorative and antitussive drugs are traditionally used in acute or chronic respiratory episodes affected by acute respiratory infections. Today, preference is given to drugs in a form of solutions for nebulization therapy. The article presents data on the new dosage form of 7% inhalation hypertonic solution in combination with hyaluronic acid used in mucostasis therapy for chronic respiratory diseases. The information on the properties and the favorable effect of hyaluronic acid is provided. We discuss the evidence base of inhalation of the hypertonic solution in combination with hyaluronic acid in cystic fibrosis.

The article describes a case of an orphan childhood disease with multisystem lesions of elastic skin tissue, blood vessels and the retina. The author reviews epidemiological data, describes a pathomorphological pattern of elastic fiber lesions, and examines the pathogenesis, as well as various clinical progression and differential diagnostic search options. The algorithm for the diagnostic examination of patients with elastic pseudoxanthoma is provided. Current approaches for treating this disease are described.