In recent years a great attention is paid to the study of such an immune phenomenon, as a syndrome of cross-reactivity. It is already proved that often the clinical manifestations of food allergy are not linked to the product of the power supply, but can be caused by pollen of plants. The possibilities of modern diagnostics allow us not only to determine the type of sensitization, but also identify the «guilty» protein allergen-trigger. This article discusses the possible clinical manifestations of food allergy, due to the cross-reactions as between related, and taxonomically not related allergens. The algorithm of forecasting of severity of clinical reactions, as well as a list of proteins, the most often involved in the reactions of intersection is given.

Because the incorrect food avoidance affects quality of life and nutrition, especially in children, there is possible harm in over-diagnosing food allergy. The approach to the proper diagnosis of food allergy and nonallergic intolerance requires consideration of the medical history, tests for food-specific IgE antibodies, skin puncture tests. Pediatrist must appreciate that a positive test for food-specific IgE or skin puncture test primarily denotes sensitization and may not confirm clinical allergy. Food elimination diet or oral food challenge is required for diagnosis confirmation. Additional procedures may be needed, depending on the differential diagnosis of IgE mediated or non-IgE mediated food intolerance.

Iron deficiency still presents an urgent problem in pediatrics. The paper presents both foreign and domestic data on prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and latent iron deficiency and methods of laboratory diagnostics of these states. Authors also discuss clinical presentations, long-term effects and modern approaches to treatment of iron deficiency states in children.

Frequently and protractedly ill children constitute a special for pediatricians group of patients. Acute respiratory infections with severe and frequently relapsing course badly affect children’s health and contribute to the decrease of the functional activity of the immune system. Risk factors of the high prevalence of acute respiratory infections are changes in the immune responses at the background of unfavorable ante- and perinatal conditions, numerous contacts with potential causative agents at the beginning of attendance of infant schools, widespread intra- and inter-family contacts as well as susceptibility to Th₂ immune response (allergy) and prolonged course of inflammatory process. Etiotropic treatment of acute respiratory infections often includes antibacterial drugs, which, however, have negative effects on intestinal microflora, such as dyspeptic syndrome and antibiotic-induced diarrhea. Intestinal dysbiosis affects homeostasis, leads to significant changes in functional activity of various organs and systems. That is why correction and prophylaxis of intestinal dysbacteriosis is very important in pediatric practice. In this article the main data on epidemiology, pathogenesis, forms, clinical manifestation, diagnostics and treatment of antibiotic-induced diarrhea in children.

This article reviews current perspectives on a serious issue of pediatrics — constipation in children. Lacking most of the organic causes for the formation of constipation with delayed treatment is likely to disrupt the quality of life and hard correctable complications. Modern treatment in childhood constipation should combine drug and non-drug methods, the most child-friendly, while the commonly used rectal treatments should be tightly restricted.

This article discusses the current issues in the pediatric practice of seasonal incidence of children with acute respiratory infections. The basic etiological aspects of this pathology, specific clinical symptoms typical for different pathogens, causes of bursts of disease in certain periods are described. Special attention is paid to the tactics of antipyretic therapy in different groups of children with fever and acute respiratory diseases, understand the typical errors in its appointment. The author discusses the domestic and foreign results of using ibuprofen to relieve fever in children with this pathology, comparative efficacy and safety data of ibuprofen with other analgesics-antipyretics.

Acute respiratory infections are the most common diseases among pre-school and school children. Special group of frequently ill children demands additional rehabilitation measures after endured diseases. The author provides a review of Russian investigations on clinical efficacy of anti-oxidative polyvitamin drug among frequently and protractedly ill children. β-carotene, ascorbic acid and vitamin E are included into the composition of this drug. The received data strongly suggest that usage of this polyvitamin as a non-specific medicine to prevention and complex therapy of acute respiratory infections is safe and efficient.

Aim: to assess efficacy and safety of rituximab treatment in children with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis under prolonged follow-up. Patients and methods: results of treatment of 60 children (33 girls and 27 boys) with systemic variant of juvenile idiopathic arthritis being followed-up in rheumatology department of the Federal State Institution «Scientific Centre of Children Health» of RAMS (FSI «SCCH» RAMS) were analyzed. The mean age of children was 8,7 years. The mean duration of disease course at the moment of first rituximab administration was 5,3 years. At the beginning of rituximab therapy all children had active articular syndrome, severe systemic manifestations and significantly increased laboratory markers of activity. As the signs of improvement the authors used pediatric criteria of the American College of Rheumatology. The treatment was approved by the local ethic committee of the FSI «SCCH» RAMS; the patients’ representatives and patients older than 14 years old had signed informed agreement. Results: remission was induced in 26 of 60 (43%) patients: in 9 of them after the 1^st course of treatment, in 8 — after the 2^nd, in 6 — after the 3d and in 3 — after the 4^th. The maximal duration of remission was 5 years 4 months, minimal — 6 months. Other genetically engineered drugs were administered to 34 (57%) of the patients: due to the primary inefficiency in 15, secondary inefficiency — in 10; due to partial inefficiency — in 9 children. The drug was well-tolerated in most of the patients. Undesirable effects were represented by transfusional reactions to the rituximab infusion, infections with different severity and granulocytopenia. Conclusions: rituximab has high efficiency in patients with severe systemic variant of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The drug induced remission in patients who had been considered almost incurable, with low status of physical and social adaptation.

The paper presents the features of acute bronchitis in infants, occurring against the background connective tissue dysplasia. Its modifying influence on the clinical and functional characteristics of disease, including recurrent course of acute bronchitis, is shown. Different types of bronchial obstruction are demonstrated. It is recommended to use the method of bronchophonografia to verify them in infants

Based on the complex population study of 2083 children aged from 12 to 17 years old it was established that living in Chelyabinsk regions with different cumulative levels of antropogenic air pollution affect physical development of adolescents. It was shown that air pollution increases the risk of disharmonic physical development in girls which is represented by the decrease of the thoracic circumference, which simultaneously with their growth appears as gracilization of body constitution. Changes in adolescents height can be various. From one hand, xenobiotics of the atmosphere can have stimulative effects, which are more marked with low-dosage exposure. From the other hand, there is a tendency to increase in percentage of children with short height in the conditions if the increased level of antropogenic burden.

The data on necessity of certain functional nutrients adding to the composition of milk formulas, technological difficulties of their isolation and innovative methods used in this field are shown in the article. Aim: to study tolerance to investigated milk formulas and to evaluate their influence on physical development of infants younger than 1 year. Patients and methods: the results of the clinical observation of 60 healthy children (36 girls and 24 boys) at the age younger than 1 year old fed with the studied dry adapted milk formulas are shown. Criteria of feeding efficacy were: evaluation of the tolerance to the formulas, dynamics of height and weight values, results of clinical blood sample, feces microscopy as well as protein efficacy coefficient. Results: the authors established good tolerance to the studied products, appropriate improvement of height and weight values, accordance of the results of clinical blood samples to the mean age norms, absence of pathological changes in coprological tests in all of the observed children during the whole follow-up. Conclusions: the investigated formulas have optimal balanced composition of nutrients, positive influence on physical development and are well-tolerated by children, which make possible their usage in feeding of infants who cannot be breast-fed.

In order to prevent children morbidity and mortality 116 children aged from 6 months to 5 years from 2 risk groups (1 — with bronchial-pulmonary dysplasia and 2 — with congenital heart defects) were vaccinated with pneumococcal 7-valent conjugated vaccine in 2011 at the expense of municipal budget. Among 116 children from both groups 16 (14%) have had community-acquired pneumonia, which is 22 times higher than in general children population in this region. Dynamic 1-year follow-up showed significant decrease of community-acquired pneumonia prevalence in risk groups: from 16/116 (14%) to 1/75 (1%) (p =0,006). There were no cases of invasive pneumococcal infections among vaccinated children and in 87,5% of them the general morbidity decreased. The frequency of moderate general post-vaccinal reactions was 1,8%, topical reactions — 0,9%. There were no other side effects during post-vaccinal period. Thereafter, the vaccination against pneumococcal infection performed in Novosibirsk in children with risk of fatal complications showed high efficacy and safety of the used vaccine.

Acute respiratory infections are the most common disorders among children. Fever is a frequent and one of the main symptoms of acute respiratory infections. Prompt therapy contributes to more rapid recovery and prevents development of complications. The results of analysis of ketoprofen lysine salt usage in children aged 6 to 18 years old with acute respiratory infections are shown in this article.

A history case of severe juvenile ankylosing spondyloarthritis, characterized by rapid development of asymmetric polyarticular syndrome, sacroiliitis, patient’s incapacity and low quality of his and his family life, is discussed in this article. The activity of pathological process was managed to be suppressed due to successful usage of soluble tumor necrosis factor α receptor — etanercept. As a result of treatment the recurrence of articular syndrome was arrested, the function in almost all of the involved joints was recovered, laboratory markers of inflammatory activity decreased. Non-active stage of the disease was established in 12 weeks of etanercept treatment, remission — in 9 months.

All factors influencing on lactation can be divided into 4 groups: organizational, medical, psychological and social. Among the last ones family support, solving of social problems in the family, formation of comfort conditions for breast-feeding, psychological state of the mother and her ability to relax during breast-feeding have the main significance. Formed maternity instinct and developed lactation dominant during pregnancy, understanding of the significance of breast-feeding among the family and society, making of the comfort conditions for breast-feeding in medical institutions of obstetrics and childhood during the second stage of care, in domestic conditions — all these contribute to the maintenance of breast-feeding.

Constant skin care in children with atopic dermatitis is one of the main aspects of treatment, which demands special attention and much time. Taking bath regularly, usage of emollient remedies and preparations improving blood circulation and skin trophy allow to significantly decrease intensity of such pathological symptoms as dryness, pruritus, cutaneous desquamation and thickness, and consequently — to reduce the speed of disease progression and prevent development of infectious complications.

The article contains the data received during the study of archival documents, collected articles of the Institute of Pediatrics of the Academy of Medical Sciences of USSR, pediatric journals and scientific works of G.N. Speransky — the founder and the head of the first State Scientific Institute of Maternity and Infancy Protection (MIP) in pre-revolutionary Russia at the 20–30 years of the 20^th century. G.N. Speransky was the first director of the MIP, as well as the chief of therapeutic department of the institute and the head of the chair of infancy disorders. His excellent organizational and high professional qualities contribute to the formation of the Soviet system of the MIP, development of pediatric science and decrease of the high level of infantile morbidity in our country.

The article is dedicated to the 100^th anniversary since the foundation of the All-Russian Guardianship of the Maternity and Infancy Protection (31^st May 1913). The initiator of this Guardianship was the eminent Russian pediatrician — K.A. Rauhfus. This paragovernmental organization, which was under the personal patronage of the empress Alexandra Romanova, was at the same time one of the forms of doctors association in order to fight against the high children mortality in Russia.